Gomennasai Versus Sumimasen in Japanese

Gomennasai Versus Sumimasen in Japanese Both Gomennasai and Sumimasen are utilized when you have made aâ mistake or bothered somebody. Sumimasen is likewise utilized while offering a sentiment of thanks, yet Gomennasai can't be utilized in such circumstances. Generally, it boils down to a matter of individual inclination whether to utilize either Sumimasen 㠁™ã  ¿Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€š or Gomennasai 㠁ã‚ Ã£â€šÃ£  ªÃ£ â€¢Ã£ â€ž, however there are a couple of nuances to know about. Sumimasen is somewhat more formal than Gomennasai.When you apologize to the higher or the senior, Sumimasen is utilized in general.Among the relatives or dear companions, it is entirely expected to utilize Gomennasai. Gomen ne or Gomen can be utilized in a progressively easygoing case.Older individuals will in general use Sumimasen more than more youthful individuals. Gomennasai can be utilized when saying 'sorry' to somebody with whom you have a cozy relationship. Be that as it may, when talking with bosses or individuals with whom one isn't close, Sumimasen or Moushiwake arimasen are utilized rather, since Gomennasi can have a puerile ring to it.

The Creation of Shelter in Pre-Colonial Far North Australia Essay Example

The Creation of Shelter in Pre-Colonial Far North Australia Essay Zealand Shelter has consistently been a need for humanity. We, as people, have a relationship with the land that we should regard to live joyfully among it. Spreading over back similarly as the pre-pioneer Australia, indigenous Australians comprehended this association brilliantly. Their sanctuaries appeared to twist with the land as they comprehended significant components inside the design to make up for unmistakable atmosphere and social variables to accommodate their migrant way of life. Their living style was extremely moderate yet reasonable. The indigenous Australians just manufactured what they expected to endure. For proof of this, we will be taking a gander at the content; Guyana, Gooney and Hurley: the Aboriginal engineering of Australia by Paul Emmett as he examined the social elements and basic plan of the indigenous networks. On the other hand, indigenous New Slanderer had a progressively customary perception of room and arranging of their increasingly perpetual townships. The safe houses of the New Zealand clans made network Importance with their itemized Maori. As a key case of these conventional settlements, Historic structures of New Zealand from the New Zealand Memorable Places Trust shows us many point by point plans of this living style and complete depictions of the Maori. The Indigenous New Slanderer fabricated sanctuaries to give rudiments of cultural living and town authority just as for the need of lodging. Be that as it may, the two networks had an extraordinary regard and perception for the earth they encircle themselves with. This article will investigate both the saltcellars and Juxtapositions between the safe houses of the Indigenous Australians and New Slanderer, how this advances their association with the earth and beneficiary network way of life. We will compose a custom paper test on The Creation of Shelter in Pre-Colonial Far North Australia explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The Creation of Shelter in Pre-Colonial Far North Australia explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The Creation of Shelter in Pre-Colonial Far North Australia explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Indigenous way of life and design of any sort has consistently been perceived as immeasurably deferent from Western molds. The Aboriginal clans of far north show total comprehend of how the land carries on however their semi-traveling way of life and straightforward engineering styles. They moved between various neighboring environmental regions to adventure and moderate regular nourishments and assets. As statement from Aborigine Tom ADSTAR says: We developed our property, yet In a path not quite the same as the white man. We endeavourer to live with the land; they emulated to live off it. I was educated to safeguard, never to demolishes agreeing with this strategy. The Aboriginal clans shaped camps which they would use from a solitary day to a few seasons. They lived along these lines so as to secure and regard the land where they saw as a mother figure towards them, in that the mother thought about them and In turn required consideration and love moreover. The Indigenous New Slanderer, the Maori, additionally have a complicated comprehension and regard of the earth they live in and too embrace a semi-itinerant way of life relying upon the season and the accessibility of the assets in the regions. In spite of the fact that the utilization of design, they have continuously expanded their thought of the world as they have developed with the progressions of the regular and profound parts of nature just as the political and pilgrim. 4 However It Is the normal improvement of their engineering, condition; natural confinement, topographical soundness and climatic variety makes a brutal and extreme condition. 5 This was very much perceived by the indigenous just as the trouble that the land has in providing every one of their needs constantly. Along these lines, in moving around, this helped them find where the food and water was ideal. A reaction of this was to leave zones where they been, and give the plants and creatures time to recoup. A few gatherings created consecrated destinations that were outside the field of play to people. A portion of these holy locales happened to settle regions for a portion of the animal groups that they chased. By making them beyond reach, they permitted the reproducing of these species to proceeds thus save a gracefully for their food. 6 Their inspirations were totally different to Western culture. Like preservation of food and condition, their building style was likewise moderate. The far north indigenous clans of Australia brought together their camps and towns in the nearness of a running stream. This guaranteed their food sources werent harmful plants, that they had a plenitude of respecting species, for example, crawfish, eels and fish, the development of earth stove with stream sand and rock for assembling nutcrackers and tomahawks. These sorts of towns were built forever to encourage more seasoned family members in a cool and giving spot whist other clan individuals kept on moving from spot to royal residence. Working close to a stream was an economical thought as the encompassing zone was far less thick, they didnt need to clear a lot of spaces to manufacture a camp. They would focus on places with much daylight to get away from the steady wet condition of the rainforests. 9 They needed to take care that the ground was semi-raised to guarantee the camp was not flood inclined, that the stream they were stayed outdoors close to would not rise excessively. In these base camps, progressively changeless vault structures were constructed. The indigenous comprehended the diverse between structures that would bolster them for longer timeframes and that of an itinerant way of life. So also, the early settlements of the primary New Slanderer were regularly at harbors or the mouths of streams which were near the ocean. This furnished them with great access to angling and shellfish grounds, and broad chasing of seals and moa feathered creatures. It is significant for any state of individuals to be accommodated where they live. The relationship the Maori had with the ocean was that it provided them with food, and whenever stayed outdoors close to a waterway, new water. Native rainforests bunches utilize as scope of haven types yet were for the most part vault shields because of the blustery wet atmosphere of the rest. The vaults permit the water passage to be negligible and for the water to run off and not gather on the rooftop making the cabin breakdown. They fabricated, changeless vaults, transitory arches, windbreaks called yawn; particularly in the huge open spaces, conceals which are called dyad, and others 1 . The development of the vaults fluctuated from clan to clan. The scale where they were constructed fluctuated from a family unit lodging size which are called Dugan, to huge network size hovels, dimmer. The bigger vaults traversed up to 9 meters in width 12. It was commonly normal for little families to be housed under one rooftop. These hovels regularly held 30 individuals or more. Some had roundabout based ground surface and other oval-based 3. Figure : Dome Houses in Far north Australian Rainforests White, A. A, picture taker. Picture taker. Check. John Solely Library. (Gotten to May 10, Some additionally had nonstop confining individuals versus pinnacle fixed basic individuals. The town plan isolated the lodging into gatherings. In one hovel may be a family, one man and his spouses and their numerous kids, with flames inside for cooking and warming. In different cabins would serve a gathering of single men or a gathering of little youngsters Ewing oversaw before marriage. This provided the social collaborations between individuals as they were constrained together particularly during stormy occasions while going outside wasnt alluring. This was a significant piece of keeping up social cooperation during the stormy periods. During these occasions, bigger converging vaults were increasingly normal, including extra-enormous arches for formal exercises. This likewise implied the clans organized their cottages with the goal that individuals could remain in them, move around and take an interest in exercises, for both diurnal and nighttime employments. 5 The confining for a mother hovels is gathered first by embedding moldable youthful branches or lengths of legal advisor stick in the ground of the perimeter of the cottage. They would then twist the branches over and integrate them with split stick. The casing would them show up as a progression of traversed circles framing a whimsical vault shape. A channel is burrowed around the edge to forestall flooding and thusly washday of the cladding. The safe houses were clad and covered from palm leaves, for example, fan palms, cycad palms and wild banana just as grass and moldable bark or a blend of these. The mud was utilized with grass to waterproof the safe houses. As simultaneous with todays western culture, the materials picked to amass the hovels would have relied upon what was accessible at the time because of regularity. It likewise would have been affected by the atmosphere; dryer and more sizzling seasons would have called for lighter developments and less clad, assuming any, would have been utilized to take into account wind stream. On the other hand, harsher wetter atmospheres would have required an increasingly strong hovel to last through heavy downpour and floods. Grass cover was best cladding in blustery climate. Each layer of the edge was secured with stick and the layers of cover were regularly up to 2. 5 centimeters thick. 18 The indigenous society likewise made custom to the manner in which the cottages were built. At the point when every hovel was viewed as fabricated, the lady would be the ones to free the territory from rocks, little trees and sticks before development began. The men gathered and amassed the edge of the vault, while the lady were accountable for gathering and setting up the cladding. It was additionally the lady whom fixed the openings in the rooftop if the climate had caused. 9 The Mare is he focal compositional structure is current Maori life. Its motivation, area and even presence in pre-European New Zeal

Mental Set and Seeing Solutions to Problems

Mental Set and Seeing Solutions to Problems Theories Cognitive Psychology Print How Mental Sets Prohibit Seeing Solutions to Problems By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 09, 2020 SuHP / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology A mental set is a tendency to only see solutions that have worked in the past. This type of fixed thinking can make it difficult to come up with solutions and can impede the problem-solving process. For example, imagine that you are trying to solve a math problem in your algebra class. The problem seems similar to ones you have worked on previously, so you approach solving it in the same way. Because of your mental set, you are unable to see a simpler solution that might be possible. Why Mental Sets Can Make Problem-Solving More Difficult When we are solving problems, we often tend to fall back on solutions that have worked in the past. In many cases, this is a useful approach that allows us to quickly come up with answers. In some instances, however, this strategy can make it difficult to think of new ways of solving problems. These mental sets can sometimes lead to rigid thinking and can create difficulties in the problem-solving process. While in many cases we can use our past experiences to help solve the issues we face, it can make it difficult to see novel or creative ways of fixing current problems. For example, lets imagine that your vacuum cleaner has stopped working. When it has stopped working in the past, a broken belt was the culprit. Since past experience has taught you that the belt is a common issue, you replace the belt again, but this time the vacuum continues to malfunction. You ask a friend to come to take a look at the vacuum, and he discovers that one of the hose attachments was not connected, causing the vacuum to lose suction. Because of your mental set, you failed to notice a fairly obvious solution to the problem. Functional Fixedness Is a Type of Mental Set Functional fixedness is a specific type of mental set that involves only being able to see solutions that involve using objects in their normal or expected manner. Mental sets can be useful at times. By using strategies that have worked before, we are often able to quickly come up with solutions. This can save time and, in many cases, this approach does yield a correct solution. As you might imagine, however, mental sets can also create problems both large and small. In daily life, a mental set might prevent you from solving a relatively minor problem (like figuring out what is wrong with your vacuum cleaner). On a larger scale, mental sets might prevent scientists from discovering answers to real-world problems or make it difficult for a doctor to determine the cause of an illness. For example, a physician might see a new patient with symptoms similar to certain cases she has seen in the past, so she might diagnose this new patient with the same illness. Because of this mental set, the doctor might overlook symptoms that would actually point to a different illness altogether. Such mental sets can obviously have a dramatic impact on the health of the patient and possible outcomes.

What Are Nonsense Words

A nonsense word is a string of letters that may resemble a conventional word  but does not appear in any standard dictionary. A nonsense word is a type of neologism, usually created for comic effect. Also called a pseudoword. In The Life of Language (2012), Sol Steinmetz and Barbara Ann Kipfer observe that a  nonsense word may not have a precise meaning or any meaning for that matter. It is coined to create a particular effect, and if that effect works well, the nonsense word becomes a permanent fixture in the language, like [Lewis Carrolls]  chortle and frabjous.   Nonsense words are sometimes used by linguists to illustrate grammatical principles that operate even when theres no semantic indication of the words function.   Examples and Observations On the top of the Crumpetty TreeThe Quangle Wangle sat,But his face you could not see,On account of his Beaver Hat.For his Hat was a hundred and two feet wide,With ribbons and bibbons on every sideAnd bells, and buttons, and loops, and lace,So that nobody ever could see the faceOf the Quangle Wangle Quee.(Edward Lear, The Quangle Wangles Hat, 1877)From Lewis Carrolls Jabberwocky- Twas brillig, and the slithy tovesDid gyre and gimble in the wabe;All mimsy were the borogoves,And the mome raths outgrabe.(Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky. Through the Looking-Glass,  1871)- A number of words originally coined or used as  nonsense words  have taken on specific meanings in subsequent use. Renowned among such words is  jabberwocky, used by Lewis Carroll in Through the Looking Glass as the title of a nonsense poem about a fantastic monster called a jabberwock. A meaningless nonsense word itself, jabberwocky appropriately enough became a generic term for meaningless speech or writing.(The Me rriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories, 1991)- [Jabberwocky] is famous for consisting of nonsense words mixed in with normal English words. What makes the poem so vivid and effective in many respects is the ability of the author to evoke images based on the grammatical knowledge of the native or highly proficient non-native speaker.(Andrea DeCapua, Grammar for Teachers. Springer, 2008)A Sampling of Dr. Seusss Nonsense Words- How I like to box! So, every day, I buy a gox. In yellow socks I box my gox.(Dr. Seuss,  One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish, 1960)- This thing is a Thneed.A Thneeds a FineSomethingThatAllPeopleNeed!Its a shirt. Its a sock. Its a glove. Its a hat.But it has other uses. Yes, far beyond that.(Dr. Seuss, The Lorax, 1971)- Sometimes I have the feeling there’s a zlock behind the clock.And that zelf up on that shelf! I have talked to him myself.That’s the kind of house I live in. There’s a nink in the sink.And a zamp in the lamp. And theyâ₠¬â„¢re rather nice . . . I think.(Dr. Seuss,  Theres a Wocket in My Pocket, 1974)Which Nonsense Words Make Us Laugh?[A new]  study, led by a team from the department of psychology at the University of Alberta, explored the theory that some nonsense words are inherently funnier than others–in part because they are simply less expected. The team used a computer program to generate thousands of random nonsense words and then asked almost 1,000 students to rate them for funniness. . . .The team found that some words were indeed funnier than others. Some nonsense words, such as blablesoc, were consistently rated by the students as funny while others, such as exthe, were consistently rated as unfunny. . . .Among the funniest nonsense words thrown up by the test were subvick, quingel, flingam,  and probble. Among the least funny were tatinse, retsits, and tessina.(Jamie Dowrd, It’s All a Lot of Flingam: Why Nonsense Words Make Us Laugh. The Guardian [UK], November 29, 2 015)Sarcastic Expressions[T]here is a phonological process in Yiddish-influenced dialects of English  that creates expressions of sarcasm by rhyming with a  nonsense word  whose onset is  shm-: Oedipus-Shmedipus! Just so you love your mother!(Ray Jackendoff, Foundations of Language. Oxford University Press, 2002)QuarkIt was [Murray]  Gell-Mann who introduced the word quark, after a  nonsense word  in  James Joyces  novel, Finnegans Wake. Since in the quark theory of matter, the proton is made up of three quarks, the quotation from Joyce, Three quarks for Muster Mark! is very appropriate and Gell-Manns name has stuck.(Tony Hey and Patrick Walters,  The New Quantum Universe. Cambridge University Press, 2003)Nonsense Words as PlaceholdersNonsense words are a hugely useful feature of speech. They help us out when were searching for a word and dont want to stop ourselves in mid-flow. Theyre a lifeline in cases where we dont know what to call something or have forgotte n its name. And theyre available when we feel that something is not worth a precise mention or we want to be deliberately vague. . . .The curious forms giggombob, jiggembob, and kickumbob all appear in the early-17th century--usually in plays--but seem to have fallen out of use a century later. They were probably overtaken by forms based on thing. Thingum and thingam are both recorded in the 17th century, especially in American English . . ..(David Crystal,  The Story of English in 100 Words. Profile Books, 2011)

The Concept Of Transfer - 785 Words

by calculating the cost, instead, it determines the optimality using the NC [12]. The NC allows a mission planner to analyze whether a transfer is optimum or non-optimum by evaluating the primer vector pro le along the transfer trajectory and see if it satisfy the NC. Transfer trajectory refers to the trajectory of the spacecraft from orbit around the departure planet to the orbit of around the destination. In case of non-optimum trajectory, one can alter the trajectory by modifying the orbital velocity vector as such to satisfy the NC of optimality [13]. The modi cation of the velocity vector is achieved through implementation of DSM. A linear method to optimize a transfer based on the gradient of the cost functional was rst proposed by†¦show more content†¦Solving primer vector equation using state transition matrix is the most common approach in the trajectory optimization. Since this approach relies on the numerical integration of the STM and the primer vector, the computation time becomes a disadvantage. With the rapid advancement in computer technology, the issue of computation time is not as significant as in the past. However, the numerical approach using STM did not give an insight to the optimization problem. In the paper by Iorfida, it is presented how the analytical solution to the out of plane case can be explored to nd the influence of the transfer orbit parameter s to the optimality. There are numerous works which have been conducted to derive the analytical solution to the primer vector equation. Russel, in his paper, [25] presented an analytical solution to the primer vector equation for the low thrust transfer case. His method is based on the analytical derivation of the state transition matrix. Other work by Huang [26] also studied a low thrust transfer and proposed an analytical solution for circular case transfer. For an impulsive transfer case, there are several works, which focused on finding an ana-lytical solution to the primer vector equation. In 1669, Prussing published his work on the analytical solution of the out of plane component circular rendezvous problem [27]. In 1991, Carter published his studies of the xed time linearised impulsive rendezvousShow MoreRelatedThe Business Concept of Training Transfer1877 Words   |  8 Pagesworld to improve corporate performance in topics such as communication, sales, performance management, operations, and technology with much little impact (Jaidev Chirayath, 2012). The concept of transfer training used in organizations is commonly used in firms today. This paper will discuss the concept of transfer training strengths and weakness and how trainers can utilize it in the workplace in a more efficient manner. 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Into this fluid area of the law is imposed the common law in the premise of this essay from Turner LJ in Milroy v Lord : There are three modes of making a gift and these modes are mutually exclusive (1) An outright transfer of the legal title to the property (2) A transfer of the legal title to the property to a trustee to hold or (3) A self-declaration of trust. This essay will look towards the cases and academic comment discussing this premise and the further recognised areas where equityRead MoreWhy Are Learning A Second Language?945 Words   |  4 Pageslanguage take the skills they know from their first language and relate them to concepts they are learning in the second language. When doing this the students will have a positive transfer and a negative transfer of concepts. A positive transfer is when they relate to their second language and there are similarities between the languages, for example when words seem to sound the same and have the same meanings. 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Genetically Modified Foods Free Essays

string(60) " quantities of more powerful chemicals may have to be used\." Genetically Modified Foods Assignment #6 By Danish Ahmed 103323080 2633-2 Lauzon Road Windsor, ON. N8T 2Z5 (519)-251-1776 ahmed12q@uwindsor. ca 26-100-91 Legebow December 6, 2010 2-2633 Lauzon Road Windsor, Ontario, N8T 2Z5 December 6, 2010 Chris Legebow Professor English Dept. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetically Modified Foods or any similar topic only for you Order Now University of Windsor Dear Prof. Legebow, I am writing to submit Assignment #6. Throughout my time enrolled in this course, I have learned many valuable lessons. However, the most important lesson that I have learned is how to be a better writer. By completing the various assignments in this course, particularly the substantiation assignment, I have learned how to better explain my opinions as well as support them. However, one of the major challenges that I faced in this course was properly citing my work. Since I have used a different style of citation throughout high school, it was difficult for me to adjust to the new citation rules at the university level. With regards to assignment six, I enjoyed completing this assignment. Part of the reason why I enjoyed it was that it was a topic that I really liked. However, the tricky part of the assignment, according to me, was coming up with facts to support the essay. Nevertheless, I believe that I did a pretty good job finding enough evidence to support the thesis. Overall, I was pretty satisfied with this course. Although I did not achieve the mark I desired, I still learned valuable lessons throughout the course of this subject. One specific quality that I liked about this course was the use of Turnitin. It was a very helpful tool which made handing in assignment very easy and convenient. Another aspect of the course that I really admired was the availability of the Catalyst. Due to its easy access, I was able to learn key skills to help strengthen my assignments. Last but not least, the use of peer review was very beneficial as well. It was a very unique tool to help students improve their essay. One thing that I do recommend for the future is to provide the students with a grading criteria. Often times, I was confused as to what I need to incorporate to ensure I receive the proper marks. Nevertheless, this is a very educational course and I highly recommend it to future students. I wish to thank you for reviewing my assignment. If you have any question please contact me at ahmed12q@uwindsor. ca and (519)-251-1776 to reach you at. Sincerely, Danish Ahmed Student Number: 103323080 Business Administration DA ENCLOSURES: Assignment #6 COPY: FILE Genetically Modified Foods The release and use of genetically modified (GM) crops and GM-derived ingredients has caused debates in many parts of the world. Moreover, many experts, despite having conflicting views, share a good deal of common ground on certain features of the GM debate: in particular, the GM foods’ unknown long term effects. In other words, experts agree that many issues, like potential health, ecological, and economical hazards, concerning GM foods merit attention due to the current, uncertain results of GM food technology. GM crops come under the broad category of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and defined as organisms whose genetic information has been altered by DNA Recombinant Technology (a technique that allows the artificial combination of genetic material of different individuals) (Whitman 1). Although this scientific technique is fairly recent, it has, nevertheless, revolutionized the agricultural industry. Scientist are now able to produce new species of rice, maize, soy bean, corn and many other staple crops with resistance to drought, herbicides and many pests (Campbell and Reece 406). As such, it holds the potential to increase crop yield as fewer crops are destroyed due to environmental conditions. However, it was not until 1998 when GM crops’ initial drawbacks were realized. Genetically modified foods, including both raw crops and processed ingredients, impose serious health risks, both to humans and other organisms. Moreover, there is evidence that genetic modifications can trigger uncontrollable genetic interactions amongst the host genes, endangering many agricultural species. In August 1998 the first controversy was sparked, especially in Europe, by a report from a leading nutrition researcher, Dr. Arpad Pusztai, concerning the safety of GM foods. Pusztai claimed that GM food fed rats showed stunted growth and weak immune systems. His report, however, was greatly criticized and rejected by many scientists because of lack of substantial evidence (Pusztai 1). Nevertheless, the report opened up an area of contemplation. In May 2005, a report published by Monsanto, a leading biotech firm, confirmed differences in kidney sizes and blood composition of rats fed with GM corn (Lendman 1). Although these documented reports are limited to laboratory settings, the results do point to a possibility of health hazards in the long run. It is evident that GM foods require more research before they are safe for consumption because if the symptoms do arise, it will affect a wide range of consumers and the damage will be impossible to overcome. Apart from direct health hazards, there are concerns over the emergence of insecticide resistant weeds and pests because of GM foods (Weaver 160). Since certain species of GM crops are resistant to insecticides, they allow farmers to spray more chemicals in order to avoid weeds and pests from destroying their harvests. However, since all living organisms are biological entities subject to the natural processes of evolution and ecology, any insecticide designed to kill an organism adds selective pressure for resistance on that target organism. According to S. A Weaver and M. C. Morris of the Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Ethics, this theoretical concern has been repeatedly demonstrated with the emergence of antibiotic resistance bacteria in human medicine and in the evolution of resistance to chemical pesticides in agriculture (Weaver 161). There are over 500 species of insects known to be resistant to insecticides, and the numbers will steadily grow if not controlled (Bergman 1). Insecticide resistance poses severe effects to agriculture and health. If pests become resistant to conventional insecticides, more quantities of more powerful chemicals may have to be used. You read "Genetically Modified Foods" in category "Papers" This increased use of insecticides will, in turn, increase chemical exposure on other forms of life in the surrounding area, including humans, and will have adverse effects on soil and water due to run offs (National Research Council 2). These effects are amplified in regions where GM crops are planted as GM crops, unlike conventional crops, do not absorb or breakdown any of these chemicals. As such, more chemicals are left over in active form. Nevertheless, the lives of humans and other organisms are endangered. Another potential health concern in using GM foods is the possibility of allergic reactions in humans due to the insertion of exotic genes into plants. This hazard came into notice in 1993 when Pioneer Hi-Bred International, another biotech firm, developed a soybean variety with an added gene from a Brazil nut. A study later done by the University of Nebraska revealed that the added gene could cause allergic reactions in humans (Leary 1). The second category of risks is that to the environment, especially by insecticide-resistant GM crops. Insecticide-resistant crops make up the largest segment of GM crops. According to statistics, nearly 81% of all GM crops harvested worldwide contained a gene for insecticide resistance (Sustainable Agricultural Network 3). Since all agricultural systems exist within an overall ecosystem, there is concern among scientists that numerous complex interrelationships amongst natural organisms can become disrupted by the introduction of GM crops. This concern became particularly important in a study done in the United Kingdom in May 2005 which proved that biodiversity was lower in fields with insecticide-resistant crops when compared to the conventional varieties (Weaver 169). The reason for the shocking results was attributed to the physical differences between insecticide resistant plants and conventional crops. Insecticide resistant plants have immunity to chemicals and pests because they produce a form of toxic protein called Bt protein (Weaver 160). During conventional insecticide spraying, only the above ground part of the plant is exposed to chemicals. However, in the case of insecticide resistant GM crops, toxin is present throughout the plant, even in the roots. When the GM crops are harvested, the remains of the roots release these Bt toxins. Thus, the concentration of toxins in the soil is increased, endangering even the beneficial organisms of the area. The effect of toxins expressed through GM crops is, therefore, of real concern. However, the biggest environmental concern associated with genetic modification is the inability to prevent exotic genetic material from transferring into the wild population. Many experts are concerned that the genes inserted into GM crops to increase their yield might transfer into weeds by complex genetic movement pathways (Pandey 1). This would cause the spread of â€Å"super weeds. † Such weeds will become immune to the chemicals normally used to control them, resulting in the use of stronger chemical controls (Randerson 1). The surrounding population of organisms, including humans, will inevitably be affected with increased toxicity in the environment. There is also a concern that insect resistance genes in GM plants may escape into the wild, leading to the more rapid development of resistance in insect populations, or to insect resistance in wild plants. Nevertheless, the delicate relationship that exists in the ecosystem will be disrupted, as the normal insect-plant relationship will be altered. Although these are one of the first instances of genetic transfer, scientists are now beginning to question GM foods’ implications on the environment. The third category of risks is that relating to economics. Despite increased yields, GM crops remain an economical concern, especially to the third world. This concern is highlighted by the development of a highly controversial genetically modified food technology – the terminator seed. The terminator seeds are genetically modified to produce plants that bear infertile seeds, which the biotech companies feel will reduce gene transfer into the wild (McDonagh 1). However, analysts feel these seeds could devastate small farmers everywhere and give multinational biotech companies an even stronger grip on world food production since terminator technology will force farmers to buy new seeds every season instead of reusing seeds from their crops (Mooney 1). Even if terminator technology is outlawed, GM crops will still not allow third world nations to compete with the developed countries in the area of agriculture. Since all of the major genetically modified seeds are patented by multinational biotech companies, the prices of these seeds are controlled by such corporations (Nestle 1). Struggling economies, whose major financial resources depend on agricultural exports, are unable to purchase these seeds. Moreover, conventional crops are no match to the increased harvests of GM crops. As such, most of the market share is owned by developed nations who harbour major biotech companies. Hence, the global economy is affected due to the sanctioning of GM foods. In conclusion, the concern about the genetic modification of food is an issue that involves complex area of study, like health, ecology and economics. The combination of theoretical knowledge and empirical data provided clearly outlines the associated risks of genetic modification of food/crops in the long run. Unlike conventional crops, GM crops are inherently unstable in expressing their genetic information and exhibit abnormal proteins which cause fatal allergic reactions and other health risks in humans and other organisms. Moreover, the genetic transfer of information from GM crops to the wild can promote the evolution of â€Å"super weeds† and insecticide resistant pests, causing disturbances in delicate ecological relationships and increased use of pesticides. Furthermore, the decision to release GM foods holds important economic concerns that must be addressed when assessing the risks of GM foods. The terminator seed technology as well as increased involvement of biotech corporations in the agriculture business can bring about changes in the global economy, some of which could be catastrophic for the developing nations. Works Cited Bergman, Jerry. Pesticide Resistance in Insects: Bad News for Macroevolution Theory. Association of Alberta. April 2004. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Campbell, Neil, and Jane Reece. Biology. San Francisco: Pearson, 2005. Print. Leary, Warren. Genetic Engineering of Crops Can Spread Allergies, Study Shows. New York Times. 14 March 1996. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Lendman, Stephen. Health Hazards of Genetically Engineered Foods. Rense. 22 February 2008. Web. 28 Nov 2010. McDonagh, Sean. The Pros and Cons of GE Foods. Columban. 2003. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Mooney, Pat. Terminator Seeds Threaten an End to Farming. Third World Traveler. 1998. Web. 28 Nov 2010. National Research Council. Ecologically Based Pest Management: New Solutions for a New Century. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1996. Print. Nestle, Marion. One Company. Lots of Patented Seeds. Most of Your Food. The Daily Green. 12 March 2010. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Pandey, A. Genetically modified food: Its uses, future prospects and safety assessments. Science Alert. 21 October 2010. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Pusztai, Arpad. Genetically Modified Foods: Are They a Risk to Human/Animal Health?. ActionBioscience. June 2001. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Randerson, James. Genetically-modified Superweeds â€Å"not uncommon† . New Scientist. 5 February 2002. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Sustainable Agriculture Network. Clarification on the Prohibition of Genetically Modified Crops. Sustainable Agriculture Network. July 2008. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Weaver, Sean. â€Å"Risks associated with genetic modification: An annotated bibliography of peer reviewed natural science publications. † Journal of Agricultural Environmental Ethics 18. 2 (2005):157-189. Print. Whitman, Deborah. Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful?. ProQuest. April 2000. Web. 28 Nov 2010. How to cite Genetically Modified Foods, Papers Genetically Modified Foods Free Essays

The Impact of Class Size on Outcomes in Higher Education

Monks, James and Schmidt, Robert. â€Å"The Impact of Class Size and Number of Students on Outcomes in Higher Education.† The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis Policy 11.1 (2011): 1-17.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Impact of Class Size on Outcomes in Higher Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Summary Monks and Schmidt concur that numerous studies have been conducted to determine the influence on class size on learner behavior, attitudes as well as outcomes. However, most of these studies have largely focused on elementary as well as pre-school while few studies have investigated the impact of class size on students in institutions of higher learning. Thus, the general belief among education stakeholders that smaller class sizes leads to better student learning and outcomes has not been supported by empirical evidence especially at institutions of higher learning (Monks Schmidt 1). A few st udies have been able to show the influence of class size and the total number of students in a faculty (student load) on students and learning outcomes at tertiary level of education. Monks Schmidt (3) state that most studies on this topic have revealed that larger class sizes have significant negative effects on student outcomes although a few have contradicted this result. Two studies have provided theoretical basis for lower student outcomes in larger class sizes and higher overall number of students in a faculty. The first study was done by Correa (133) and reveals that larger class size and student load limits an instructor’s ability to provide individual attention (Monks Schmidt 3). The second was done by Lazear (800) and reveals that larger classes allow some students to absentee themselves from classes or hide from class engagements or participations (Monks Schmidt 3). This study examined the effects of class size and student load on student outcomes. A private uni versity on the east coast of the United States was used to provide data to determine the influence of class size and student load on learner outcomes at institutions of higher learning (Monks Schmidt 5). The study covered 1996 academic year through 2008 (Monks Schmidt 5). The outcomes examined were overall instructor ratings, amount learned, and overall course ratings which were all assigned values 1-5 where 5 represented the highest rating. It also examined students’ highest and lowest expectations which were averaged to form the students expected course GPA (Monks Schmidt 5).Advertising Looking for report on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The independent variables used in the study included â€Å"course specific variables which were the average grade point average of the students in class, the gender mix of the class, the grade level mix of the class, the meeting time of the class, class length, type o f class and the prior level of student interest in the course† (Monks Schmidt 6). The other controls included institutional factors which were trend variable and online binary since the evaluation was done online. The other independent variable was the number of students in classes, captured from the administration records. Instructor as well as course fixed affects formed the final independent variables. The study found that larger class size as well as the total number of students that an instructor in a faculty has to teach have an impact on the outcomes of amount learned, course grade, course rating as well as instructor rating (Monks Schmidt 15). Larger class size and student load have negative influence on the amount of critical as well as analytical thinking required of the instructor in the course. They also negatively affect effectiveness of teaching methods, clarity of presentations, the instructors’ ability to stimulate student interest, daily preparedness, enthusiasm for the class and availability outside class. These negatively impact student outcomes. The study This study was a longitudinal experiment where the researchers, Monks and Schmidt, used control groups (classes) to eliminate some independent variables, and determine as well as explain the influence of class size and total number of students in a faculty on student outcomes. The research questions were administered online and on paper. The sample period began in 1996 and continued through 2008. It involved three years of data collection before the implementation of the merged classes, six years of implementation of the merged classes and three years of return to normal class sizes. The type of longitudinal study applied in this study is panel study as it involved sampling in 8 faculties, 48 individual faculty members, as well as 88 separate courses. The studies were done in 1,928 course sections with 80 of them being merged during the research period. The statistics The re search utilized both qualitative and quantitative statistics. The students were asked to give their overall rating on their instructors, amount learned, and course. Each of the outcomes was assigned values 1-5, where 1 represented the lowest value and 5 the highest value.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Impact of Class Size on Outcomes in Higher Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, students were asked to state their highest as well as lowest expected grades, which were then averaged. These statistics were used to estimate the average course outcomes and in turn â€Å"the influence of class size and student load on course outcomes† (Monks Schmidt 6) using the equation: Yisjt = ÃŽ ²0 + ÃŽ ²1 (Xisjt) + ÃŽ ²2(Class Sizeisjt) + ÃŽ ²3(Student Loadisjt) + ÃŽ ´i + ÃŽ ±j + ÃŽ ½t + ÃŽ µisjt; where Y is the average course outcome and X is the course specific variables. The constant i represe nts instructor, s is the section of course j while t is the semester and ÃŽ ´, ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ½ are their error components (Monks Schmidt 6). In addition, weighted least squares regression was done on all independent variables to determine their influence on course and student outcomes. The independent variables were classified as course specific, number of students, course fixed effects and instructor. All the regression results included faculty fixed effects as well as a trend term so as to allow for all estimated coefficients to be representative of effects of changes in course enrollment as well as student load on outcomes within each faculty. Finally, descriptive statistics were used to present and explain the regression results. Data collection The data used in the study was collected from various sources. The number of students registered in every class and faculty as well as student course evaluations were collected from the administrative records of a private university where th e study was conducted. The study was restricted to the university’s undergraduate business school and the data were collected after the second week of registration. The sample period covered 1996-2008 academic years (Monks Schmidt 6). The samples were collected from 48 instructors teaching in 8 faculties (Monks Schmidt 6). In total, the samples were collected from 1,928 sections in 88 separate courses (Monks Schmidt 5). Other important data regarding the students’ opinions and ratings were collected through questionnaires which administered online while others on paper.Advertising Looking for report on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The relationship between the objectives and the statistics used The major objective in this study was to examine the impact of class size as well as the total number of students in a faculty on outcomes of students at institutions of higher learning. The statistics examined to understand the study question were self-reported ratings on the much learned in the course, overall course, overall instructor, as well as, student average expected grade. These measures were used to determine the impact of class size as well as the total number of students in a faculty on course outcomes and in turn student outcomes. It was found that larger class sizes had negative effects on the students self-reported outcomes of expected course rating, amount learned, course rating as well as instructor rating. These negative ratings represented student outcomes in their courses implying that a faculty that enrolls many students in a semester and or registers more than the class average negatively affects course and student outcomes. Qualitative analysis of the course specific variables also reveals that large size classes have negative effect on student outcomes. Regression results of class size as well as the total number of students in a faculty on course attributes was also used to establish the reasons as to why larger class sizes and many students in a faculty negatively affected student outcomes. It was found that larger class sizes and many students in a faculty negatively affect the analytical and critical thinking of instructors required to enhance student outcomes in a course. These factors also affect the instructor’s daily preparedness and enthusiasm for class, effectiveness in arousing students’ interests, clarity in presentations as well as effectiveness in using teaching methods (Monks Schmidt 13). Many students in a faculty increases workload on the instructor and therefore affecting his or her ability to prepare for lessons and effectively deliver to the expected level. In general, these statistics help find answer to the research question and explain the theoretical basis behind the problem, and therefore, fulfilling the objectives of the study. Works Cited Correa, Hector. â€Å"An Economic Analysis of Class Size and Achievement in Education.† Education Economics, 1.2 (1993): 129-135. Lazear, Edward. â€Å"Educational Production.† Quarterly Journal of Economics 116.3 (2001): 777- 803. Monks, James and Schmidt, Robert. â€Å"The Impact of Class Size and Number of Students on Outcomes in Higher Education.† The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis Policy 11.1 (2011): 1-17. This report on The Impact of Class Size on Outcomes in Higher Education was written and submitted by user Fiona Burris to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.