James Longstreet - Civil War General

Kidney Cancer Essay - 2558 Words

Pathophysiology: Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your fist. Theyre located behind your abdominal organs, one on each side of your spine. Like other major organs in the body, the kidneys can sometimes develop cancer. Your kidneys are part of the urinary system, which removes waste and excess fluid and electrolytes from your blood, controls the production of red blood cells, and regulates your blood pressure. Inside each kidney are more than a million small filtering units called nephrons. As blood circulates through your kidneys, the nephrons filter out waste products as well as unneeded minerals and water. This liquid waste — urine — flows through two narrow tubes (ureters) into your bladder, where its†¦show more content†¦People with this inherited disorder are likely to develop several kinds of tumors, including, in some cases, renal cell carcinoma. * Hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma. Having this inherited condition makes it more likel y youll develop one or more renal cell carcinomas. Transitional Cell Carcinoma: Risk factors for transitional cell carcinoma include: * Smoking. Smoking increases your risk of transitional cell carcinomas. * Chemicals in your workplace. Working with certain chemicals may increase your risk of transitional cell carcinoma. * A withdrawn medication. Phenacetin, which was removed from the market in the United States in the early 1980s, has been linked to kidney cancer. Phenacetin was used in prescription and over-the-counter pain relievers. Diagnostic Tests: A kidney cancer diagnosis typically begins with a complete medical history and a physical exam. Your doctor may also recommend blood and urine tests. If your doctor suspects a problem or if youre at high risk of kidney cancer, you may also have one or more of the following tests to check your kidneys for growths or tumors: * Ultrasound. An ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to generate images of your internal organs, such as your kidneys and bladder, on a computer screen. * Computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. CT scans use computers to create more-detailed images than those produced by conventionalShow MoreRelatedRenal Cell Carcinoma Of The Kidney Cancer Essay1470 Words   |  6 PagesThe most common genitourinary cancers include, renal cell carcinoma of the kidney, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, and adenocarcinoma of the prostate. 1- Renal cell carcinoma, is the most common cancer of the kidney, accounts for approximately 90% of all renal malignancies. 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Kaplan University SC235: General Biology 1: Human Perspectives Prof Lisa Nelson The Complexity of the Kidney Kidneys are complex organs that are very important when it comes to the many functions to help maintain the health of the body. This includes the maturation of the red blood cells, regulation of blood pressure as well as secretion of hormones. The Secondary functions of the filtration effect the controlling of the acid base balance in theRead MoreEssay about Chapter One Questions1330 Words   |  6 Pagesjoints has: | |   A. | Arthritis | 100% |   Ã‚   |    | | | 13. | |    | In the term  electroencephalogram, the suffix is ______, which means ________. | |   C. | -gram, record | 100% |   Ã‚   |    | | | 14. | |    | A resection of the kidney is a: | |   B. | Nephrectomy | 100% |   Ã‚   |    | | | 15. | |    | A patient with an erythrocyte disorder would probably see a specialist in: | |   D. | Hematology | 100% |   Ã‚   |    | | | 16. | |    | The _____ -ic means _______Read MoreA Brief Note On Acute Renal Failure Condition Essay979 Words   |  4 Pagesoccur in acute renal failure. Acute renal failure condition is diagnosed and retitled as acute kidney injury. The purpose of the change of terminology was to encompass the full spectrum of the clinical manifestations associated with the syndrome. 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A Study On Colleges Online Education Essay Free Essays

The instruction system in India today has evolved significantly in the last 20 old ages. In the 1990s, most pupils went to a college in their metropolis and studied whatever class was offered at that place. If they lived in a smaller town without a good college, so they were forced to go to their nearest metropolis and live a fighting pupil life, far off from their household. We will write a custom essay sample on A Study On Colleges Online Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the terminal of the first decennary in the twenty-first century, nevertheless, the options that pupils have for college have exploded massively. Today, pupils have their pick of college, grade and topics, sitting in the comfort of their place, no affair how little their town is. All they need is a computing machine A ; the Internet. There are several colleges online that a pupil can take from. From the oldest and most reputed IGNOU ( Indira Gandhi National Open University ) to the vicinity metropolis college, a pupil has their choice of colleges online where they can obtain grades, sheepskin and certifications in any topic they choose. Colleges online typically find B.A. , B.Com. A ; B.Sc. courses more popular among pupils and IGNOU offers grades in rarer topics like Medical Imaging A ; Radiology, Fashion Merchandising, Textile Design and even Architecture online. There are a few colleges online that offer complete sheepskin classs online with no text edition or notes in paper at all. These ‘virtual ‘ classs are typically non complete grades but station alumnus sheepskin classs in some specialisations like Cyber Law, Food Safety, Business Process Outsourcing, etc. Most colleges online will follow a method of direction as follows: Printed educational material/textbooks/guides are giving to the pupils at the start of the class Regular assignments, trials are given online which the pupil has to finish in a timely mode Face-to-face contact Sessionss, on-line confabs by which the pupil can clear up uncertainties with the module Some colleges online like IGNOU besides offer video cyclosis of lessons which the pupil can see at his or her ain leisure There are several advantages to analyzing from colleges online. Some of them are given below: The pupil has the pick of colleges to analyze from instead being restricted to the college in their town The pupil has a wider pick of capable A ; specialisation to analyze from when taking colleges online The pupil has the flexibleness of agenda with colleges online go forthing clip free for prosecuting another grade, working or even looking after their household However, there are besides many safeguards that a pupil must take before taking from the several colleges online. Some of the safeguards are: Choose a echt college: First, a simple cheque on the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) web site ( www.ugc.ac.in ) will state the pupil whether their college has been reported as sham or has been given accreditation by UGC. Talk to Alumni: All good colleges online will give the pupils some manner to reach alumnas who have completed their class and who prospective pupils can acquire admittance from. Physical Contact: If possible, see the college ‘s office in individual or speak to them through the telephone and justice whether they are an existent college offering existent instruction. Online MBA grades Several Online MBA grades are available on the Internet presents and the pupil is spoilt for pick. How does a pupil travel about measuring which Online MBA grade is the best option for them? There are many standards which are of import when taking an On-line MBA plan and we shall discourse some of them below: The repute of the institute:It is really of import non to acquire an online MBA grade from any unheard of on-line university. If possible, look at on-line MBA grade ‘s merely from colleges that offer full-time MBA grades. Then it will be easier to measure the college utilizing published rankings which appear in magazines. If the college offers merely on-line MBA grades and non full-time grades, so you must look into whether the college is affiliated to a university and authorized to run this plan. The course of study:Merely because it is an on-line MBA grade does n’t intend that you should non acquire a good instruction. You are paying the fees for an MBA and you should have an MBA instruction every bit good as a grade. Compare the course of study of the online MBA grade with that of the university ‘s full-time plan. The faculty-student interaction:Some on-line MBA grades merely direct you the class stuff and trials whereas others offer a confab installation with module and the best 1s offer video streaming talks, confabs, webinars and other manners of on-line interaction. Look for the maximal points of interaction between module A ; pupil ; it will maintain the class interesting for you. Besides make certain that if you need assist or guidance, a module member will be available for you to reach. Contact Sessionss:Though the grade may be an on-line MBA grade, you should hold the option of go toing unrecorded talks and meetings with the module one time in 3-6 months. This is besides an chance to run into other pupils and acquire to cognize them. Alumnuss:Contact old pupils of the online MBA grade plan at the college you plan to go to and see what they have to state about the college. You are finally taking an MBA to foster your calling chances and if your online MBA grade is seen as non utile or worse, harmful, so it could be a waste of your clip or money. Check the mentions carefully before you pay any fees or sedimentations. Finally some general advice: An online MBA grade can be a rewarding and enriching measure on the corporate ladder. Making the right pick of college and plan for your online MBA grade can do all the difference between it being a great measure or a little measure on your manner to success. Evaluate all your options sagely, talk to as many people as you can. Do n’t listen merely to the college ‘s selling talk, what is the best option for the college may non be the best option for your online MBA grade. Online MBA grades can assist you acquire a making while you have a full-time occupation or place duties during the twenty-four hours. But they still require survey and difficult work if you want to derive an instruction from it. While taking an online MBA grade, besides take a expression at the specialisation that is right for your calling way and where you want to travel in the hereafter. The right pick of specialisation can besides assist you alter your calling way. How to cite A Study On Colleges Online Education Essay, Essay examples

Theories of Violent Conflict An Introduction

Question: Describe the role communication plays in perception and organizational culture. How might misalignment between espoused values and enacted values affect perceptions within an organization? Answer: Preface For this research paper, I would like to select Starbucks as an organization that is an American coffee company that is the world largest coffee company with around 23000 stores in 64 countries. The company has around 13000 stores in the USA to target the customers. Starbucks holds approx 33% market share of the coffee in the US through its effective segmentation strategies. In addition to this, it should also be noted down that, in todays more challenging and competitive business era, Starbucks is providing high and unique quality of the products and services to the customers at the lower price in order to fully satisfy them. In addition to this, the company is also offering tangible and intangible benefits to its customers along with the products and services effectively. Moreover, the core and enhanced products of Starbucks included refreshment, cold drink, coffee etc (Starbucks Corporation. 2014). On the other hand, this research paper would focus on the following issues such as: To briefly describe the culture of Starbucks organization, noting whether the organizations espoused values align with its enacted values. To what extent is communication in an organization determined by the organizations culture To describe the role communication plays in perception and organizational culture. How might misalignment between espoused values and enacted values affect perceptions within an organization? To identify the role of conflict in group communication To examine how the Starbucks might chose use conflict to improve communication within and among groups All these are the main objectives and aims of this research paper that would be achieved during the study of this research paper. Organizational Culture of Starbucks Basically, the organizational culture of Starbucks reflects personality, image, reputation, values, norms, beliefs, objectives and goals of the organization in an effective and proper manner. On the other hand, it also shows various procedures of the organization of solving organizational problem by the members of the organization. Moreover, organizational culture of Starbucks forces the organizational people to do work ethically and professionally so that the competitive advantages over the competitors can be achieve effectively. At the same time, organizational culture of Starbucks also deals with a system of shared values and beliefs. In the same manner, organizational culture of Starbucks also considers a lot of important element such as: feelings and relationships internally and externally. Along with this, Starbuckss values are supposed to be unique and are widely shared and reflected in daily practice, relevant to the company purpose and strategy (White, Varadrajan Dacin, 200 3). It is also significant, valuable and beneficial for the Starbucks of different size and level to create the kind of environment or culture where the positive managerial patterns of listening, coaching, guiding, involving and problem-solving are actively encouraged and reinforced. Hence, it can be said that, the organizational culture of Starbucks is one of the most important tools that represent the overall picture about any business firms. For instance, Starbuckss culture is more attractive and unique at the global level. For instance, Starbucks is use important beliefs that are making its culture inimitable as well as exclusive. In the same manner, the organizational culture of Starbucks is appropriate. In addition, the organizational culture as well as its characteristics of Starbucks can be described with the fundamental principles of company (Schein, 2009). The organizational culture of Starbucks supports the employee motivation. For instance, the organization understands the value of their employees and provides tangible and intangible benefits. In this way, organizational culture support employee motivation. At the same time, it is also found that, the organizational culture of Starbucks also play a major role in determining the communications. For case, the effective communication among the employees and management within the organizations support the organizational culture. On the other hand, the organizational culture supports all the level of communication from top to bottom effectively (Schein, 2010). Role of Communication plays in Perception and Organizational Culture The communications in Starbucks play a major role in the organizational culture and perception. For case, communication improves the perceptions of the employees, management and workers regarding the customers and organizational strict policies. Hence, it can be said that, communication play a major role in improving the perceptions and organizational culture by motivating the employees, management or workers, improving efficiency, by providing strategic direction to corporation, offering specific instructions and reducing costs (Schabracq, 2009). Misalignment between Espoused Values and Enacted Values Generally, espoused values within the Starbucks defines corporate values, standards, norms and moral of the organization that that help the organization and its employees about how to conduct business functions effectively. On the other hand, Enacted Values are the values or norms that are exhibited by the employees or workers. In addition to this, it should also be noted down that, any kind of misalignment between the espoused values and enacted values would affect the perception of the organization, employees or management within the organization directly or indirectly. It is because communication is used as an innovative method in the company in order to educate and inform the organization, stakeholders and management in the future process or changes that the company is going through (Pothukuchi, Damanpour, Choi, Chen Par, 2002). The Role of Conflict in Group Communication and Use of Conflict Resolution Strategies to Improve Communication Within and Among Groups Conflict may arise in any group due to different values, norms and standards regarding the job setting. In addition to this, conflict in the groups also affects the organizational as well as individual productivity negatively. Hence, in order to avoid conflict, the leaders or managers of the Starbucks use different types of techniques, strategies and methods. For case, within the company, a statement as per the organizational core strategies and goals is also used to manage the conflict. Along with this, equal benefits and opportunities to all is also offered and provided by the leader to remove the potential issues of conflict. Moreover, avoidance, accommodation, competition, compromise, and collaboration are the major strategies used in Starbucks to manage and solve the issues related to conflict (Demmers, 2012). References Demmers, J. (2012). Theories of Violent Conflict: An Introduction. UK: Routledge. Pothukuchi, V., Damanpour, F., Choi, J., Chen, C.C. Par, S.H. (2002),. National and Organizational Culture Differences and International Joint Venture Performance. Journal of International Business Studies 33(2). PP. 243-265. Schabracq, M.J. (2009). Changing Organizational Culture: The Change Agent's Guidebook. USA: John Wiley and Sons. Schein, E.H. (2009). The Corporate Culture Survival Guide (2nd ed). USA: John Wiley Sons. Schein, E.H. (2010). Organizational Culture and Leadership (4th ed). USA: John Wiley Sons. Starbucks Corporation. (2014). About Us. Retrieved from: https://www.starbucks.in/about-us White, J.C., Varadrajan, P.R., Dacin, P.A. (2003). Market Situation Interpretation and Response: The Role of Cognitive Style, Organizational Culture, and Information Use. Journal of Marketing 67. PP. 63-79.

Risks and Benefits of Delaying Innovative Products

Explain the Decision Making Process with Example of Your Own Essays

Explain the Decision Making Process with Example of Your Own Essays Explain the Decision Making Process with Example of Your Own Essay Explain the Decision Making Process with Example of Your Own Essay EXPLAIN THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS WITH EXAMPLE OF YOUR OWN. Introduction:- Decision making is an integral part of the most of the top managers duties. Not even a single day passes without taking decisions particularly in modern organisations. Hence, management and decision ­ making are considered as inseparable. In fact, whatever a manager does, he can do it only by taking some decision. All matters related to planning, organization, staffing, directing and controlling are engrossed in decision making process. That is why it is aptly pointed out that management is essentially a decision-making process. The survival and future success of any enterprise is directly related to the ability to take timely and appropriate decision by the executives. Thus decision-making is said to be the heart of management. Lot of planning exercise is to be initiated by the manager before taking any viable decision. The manager has to carefully plan and decide what to do or what not to do. Wrong decisions quite often are proved to be either costly or futile. To prevent such losses, decision-making process remains to be the core are in all planned activities of the modern corporations. The selection from among alternatives of a course of action, according to this definition, picking one course of action among alternatives available is termed as decision-making as per Koontz and Weinrich. In the words of George Terry,decision-making is the selection of a particular course of action, based on some criteria, from two or more possible alternatives. We can define this concept also as the process of choosing between various alternatives for achieving a specified goal. Every decision must take into consideration needs and future uncertainties. As per Herbert Simon there are three major steps in the decision making process. Decision making is about choosing from several options or ideas and taking action to generate a particular result. It is usually considered to be a rational and logical thinking process. JRecognition and understanding of the problem. JVarious alternatives may be developed. Jcareful assessment of alternatives available for taking a better decisions. Characteristics JDecision making is a continuous process. JThe question of decision-making process must always be rational when there are alternatives. JA decision-making process must always be rational and purposeful. JDecision making is an intellectual process supported by good reasoning and sound judgment. JDecision making is all pervasive in the sense that all levels of managers need to take decisions of varied nature. JDecision-making is always related to future only. Troes of Decisions: Managerial decision may be classified into two categories, the first category includes the typical, routine and unimportant decisions and the second category covers most important, vital and strategic decisions. Apart from decisions are taken at different levels for meeting different problems. Oraanisational Vs Personnel Decisions:- As explained by Chester. I. Bernard, the decisions taken by the manager in his official capacity are termed as Organisational decisions. These decisions have a direct bearing on the functioning of the firm. Decision relating to reward systems or transfer of workers can be cited as examples under this category. In contrast to this, some times, decisions may be taken by the manager in his individual capacity and such decisions are termed as personal decisions. They may partly affect the personal life and partly affect the organization. Example,decision to quit the organization comes under this category. Routine Vs Strategic Decision:- Routine decisions involve little risk and uncertainty. Hence, they do not call for extraordinary judgement and thinking. They are mostly related day-to-day conduct of the business and taken repetitively. Thats why they are normally taken at lower levels of management. On the other hand strategic decisions are taken by the top level management. Either they are concerned with policy matters or with long-term commitments of the organization. They require thorough understanding, analysis and best judgement, pertaining to location of the plant, type of technology and channel of distribution are the best examples of this type. Policy Vs Operating Decisions:- Policy acts as guidelines for future action. Hence,decisions pertaining to policies are usually taken by the top management. They are considered to be very important since they affect the total organization. While operating decisions are administrative in character, they help in translating policies into action. Decisions relating to a new incentive scheme may be termed as a policy decision. Decisions relating to the methodology of implementation of such incentive scheme are termed as operating decisions. Programmed Vs Non-Programmed decisions:- Programmed decisions usually deals with routine and repetitive problems. For dealing such problems, systematic policies, procedures and rules are established. Programmed decisions can be taken with little ease as everything goes according to some set of rules. But Non-Programmed decisions cover mainly unexpected events and challenges. In other words, each problem is unique in nature. For dealing with such special problems, executives usually refer them to the top management, tackling such situations , the manager needs expertise,intuition and creative thinking. Individual Vs Group decisions:- Decisions taken by the individual in his personal capacity are known as individual decisions. Organisations which are small in size can accommodate this type of decision-making process. When organizations grow in size and stature, complex problems do come into picture. Group decisions are considered to be the best under such situations. Group decisions represent the thinking of more than one executive. The various steps involved in the decision-making process are as explained below:- Step 1 Defining the oroblem The first step is to define the real problem, money and efforts are going to be wasted if the problem is not determined correctly. That s why, accurate diagnosis of the real problem is necessary to find out right solution. We should look at the real causes and for the remedial measures by knowing the inner details of the problem. Knowing only the outer surface of the problem and arriving at decisions may lead to fallacious conclusions. SteP 2- AnalYSing the Problem Once the problem is clearly defined, then, it must be analysed in the light of data pertaining to various factors that surmount the decision. Every situation may have some advantages and limitations. Necessary steps should be laid on locating the limitations and obstacles in achieving the desired result. Necessary care should be exercised in avoiding personalized bias in judging the certain factors. Analysis of crucial factors provides a sound basis for making effective decisions. Step 3- Developing alternatives The analysis of the problem becomes complete once it throws light on several alternative solutions. In fact, the success of decision-making process depends upon the ability of an executive in developing alternative solutions to a given problem. This requires lot of imagination, experience and judgement. Exploring the positive or negative impact of such alternatives forms as a solid base for sound decisions. Step 4- Evaluating alternative Once the alternatives are developed , the next step is to evaluate them in terms of their cause, time , impact and objectives etc. Many a time, either marginal cost or cost-benefit analysis is used to bring out the tangible benefits of each of such alternatives. Each alternative solution may have its own merits and de-merits. They should be compared with other alternatives for the purpose of appraising the real impact. As per Mr. Peter F Drucker, the important criteria for evaluating the consequences of different alternatives are risk,economy, time and limitations. Steo 5- Selecting the best possible solution Selection usually involves choice making. It is the last step in decision-making process. The manager has to select such an alternative course of action which can make the maximum contribution to the goal. It is not always possible to select the best alternative for a given problem. That is why the manger has to rely upon such course of action which can yield good results under a given set of circumstances and limitations. Step 6- Imolementing the decision Once the best alternative is selected, it must be implemented. This step mainly deals with the execution of the decision taken. It involves development of step by step plans, selling the idea to sub-ordinates and seeking co-operation from the needy people. At this stage, the decision is converted into action. The decision must be implemented in the right time and that too in a proper way. Step 7- Evaluation of Decisions The last step in decision-making process is evaluation. The actual results of the decision should be compared with the expected results in order to locate the reasons for deviations. This review is a continuous process and it generates information for necessary feedback for further improving the decision-making process in future. Rationality in decision-making Rationality refers to objective and intelligent action. A decision is said to be rational if appropriate means are chosen to accomplish desired objectives. It implies that decision-maker tries to maximize the values in a given situation by choosing the most suitable course of action. A good decision depends on the makers being consciously aware of the factors that set the stage for the decision. Obtaining complete rationality is not always possible. That is the reason why people prefer to take satisfactory decisions instead of ideal or optimum decisions. Managers are not always confronted by the problem of rationality in decision-making. In practice, they confine themselves to few important alternatives which have limited risks combined with favourable consequences. Limits of Rational Decision making Managers are not always rational in their decision-making. They cannot always abide by the demands of rationality in decision-making process. There are some limitations to that and of which are as explained below. Since decisions are related to future, Managers cannot foresee all the consequences accurately. Moreover, lack of complete knowledge about the problem also makes it impossible to choose a good decision. Due to time and cost constraints, all complex variables that have a bearing on decision cannot be examined fully. Hence, the decision maker is forced to strike a balance between complete rationality and hard realities on the ground. The impact of all the variables cannot be ascertained because some of them are intangible. The consequences of various alternatives cannot be anticipated accurately. Hence, decisions taken under uncertainty cannot guarantee the success of decision-making process. The Human factors like value systems, perceptions, social factors, institution etc. are the main limits on rational decision-making. Managers, being human beings, are greatly influenced by their personal beliefs, attitudes and biases. Because of this, the capacity of a decision-making process varies from individual to individual and from situation to situation. Every manger is vitally concerned with the above limitations in his approach to rational decision-making. He has to collect all the relev ant information and try to overcome the above limits on rationality and choose the most rational decision for solving any given problem. Baiers of Effective Decision Making Apart from the above limitations, decision-making process remains to be ineffective because of the existence of various barriers in organization structure. These barriers impede the process of identification of problems. Its analysis and the development of the solutions. The following are the important barriers that can block managerial effectiveness in choosing the most suitable decision as per Elbing. The tendency of a human-being to evaluate a given problem with pre-conceived notions, act as a stumbling block in understanding the real situation. Though its dangerous, managers feel safer if they do not change what is familiar. Eventually, the ineffective decision of a familiar way becomes accepted rather than considering new and innovative means. Many managers fail to demarcate the symptoms from the main problem. Many mangers have a tendency to respond to the problem instantaneously without proper infonmation and thinking. If they gather more infonnation, they become rather than what is unique in new problem. The above problems are mainly responsible for either indecision or for half decision in the modern organizations. Knowledge of the above problems will surely help the managers in arriving at pragmatic decisions. The following suggestions can be offered to overcome the above barriers so as to make the managers more effective in decision-making process. Avoid premature evaluation. Initiate impartial probing by avoiding personal biases on the outcome. Develop a sound system that can supply adequate information for making decisions. Encourage group leaders to respond to a given situation and compare the pros and cons of the solutions offered by the two groups for making an effective decision. Encourage innovative thinking among the sub-ordinates so as to identify the crux of the problem without waste of time and money. When decisions of critical and pivotal in nature are to be taken, encourage group thinking. For this, the problem is to be presented to the sub-ordinates first and they are asked to develop as many solutions as possible in a free environment. Techniques of Decision -making Brainstorming:- Brainstorming is the oldest and widely followed technique for encouraging creative thinking. It was originally developed by A. F. Osbom. It involves the use of a group. This is an approach to improve problem discovery and solving by encouraging sub-ordinates to give their ideas and solutions in a free environment, they will generate creative ideas. Continuous interaction through free discussions may result in spontaneous and creative thinking. The larger the number of solutions , the fairer are the chances in locating an acceptable solution. The research proves that on hour brainstorming system is likely to generate 50 150 ideas. It is interesting to note that while most of them are proved to be impracticable, at least, some of them merit serious consideration. This group process is not without limitations. It continues lot of time and therefore,is an expensive exercise. Secondly,it emphasises only quantity of solutions which more often than not proved to be superficial. By overcoming the above limitations, a modern manager can use this an an effective tool. Some of the claimed advantages of the brainstorming technique include:-  » It reduces dependence on a single authority figure.  » It encourages the open sharing of ideas.  » It stimulates participation among group members. It provides individual safety in a competitive group.  » It maximizes output for a short period of time.  » It ensure a non evaluative climate.  » It tends to be enjoyable and stimulating. Synetics- When compared to Brainstorming, synectics is a new concept developed by William J. J. Gorden. The terms Synectics is derived from a Greek word which refers to Fitting together of diverse elements. It starts on the premise that this concept encourages novel thin king for the development of alternatives through putting together different ideas which are distinct from each other. A given problem is presented to a group of people with different backgrounds and varied experience. It is the responsibility of the group leader to present the problem and lead the discussions in order to stimulate creative solutions. This approach ensures on the spot evaluation of members suggestions. The leader who is a technical expert is always assisting the group in evaluating the feasibility of their ideas. But experience shows that synectics has been less widely used than Brainstorming. When the problem is real tough and challenging, this approach is used for effective decision-making. Like Brainstorming it also suffers from the same range of limitations. The synectic techniwue includes the following steps:- Problem statement and background information stage:- The group leader describes the general area of discussion but avoids identifying the specific problem . Creative thinking on the problem is encouraged. The leader presents background information on the problem and the goals associated with the idea solutions. Good wishing stage:- Group members are encouraged to wish for anything that comes to mind that could address the problem. As in brainstorming, in this freewheeling stage people are encouraged to generate wild ideas and to hitchhike. Exploring ideas and not evaluating them are of utmost importance at this stages. Excursion stage:- Paricipants are asked to forget about the specific problem. They are asked to generate ideas about a somewhat unrelated are that eventually might be related to the problem at hand. Forced-fit stage. Participants take ideas from the excursion stage and force them to fit the initial problem. Although this often appears quite unusual and obtuse, it is intended to encourage creativity. In fact,evidence suggests that many great thinkers develop ideas from such experimental thinking. Intemized response stage:- The group picks one of the ideas generated during the forced fit stage and pursues it further. The idea is dissected on only its positive aspects are identified. After all the positive aspects have been explored,the ideas limitations are addressed. This focus on the positive is intended to encourage productivity and creativity. The outcome of the synectic process is a single unique plan or decision that has undergone considerable evaluation. The process tends to produce innovative ideas. Synectic approach can be quite useful for creative planning and decision making. Its cost is high. Furthermore, it produces only one potential solution to a problem. If that solution turns out to be unusable,the problem remains, and the process has failed. The Nominal Group: The nominal group consists of people knowledgeable on the issue to be decided who are in the same physical location and who are aware of each other but who do not directly interact while they are working together. The specific techniques for using the nominal group in decision-making vary with the situation, but usually the following steps are involved. l The manger brings the group together and outlines the problem. lEach member of the group generates a number of ideas in writing. lEach member then presents a single idea at a time to the entire group. The ideas are written on a blackboard or on large pieces of paper, and discussion of them is limited to clarification. When no further ideas merge, or when the manager feels the process has gone far enough, each member votes on the ideas, again in writing. The final decision is summed outcome of the individual votes, but the manager is free to accept or reject it. Ooerations Research:- The Origin and development of operations research is attributed to military operations and applications in 2 world war. The war put tremendous pressure on the use of available scarce resources for various strategic and tactical operations. The success of operations research in developing options of effective and efficient nature was instrumental in making this approach rather dependable in decision making process. Now-a-days, greater emphasis has been laid on the use of mathematical models to reflect different options and constraints in a situation and their effect on a selected goal. This quantitative approach to decision-making is usually referred as Operations Research. Of late, it has become an invaluable tool in the kit of a decision-maker. Operations Research employs optimizing models like Linear Programming, Project Management,Inventory Control, Decision Theory and Waiting Line Theory. Operations Research is the systematic method of studying the basic structure, functions and relationships of an organization as an open system. It always adopts a systems approach to management in getting things done. It is constantly interested in developing optimal solution with limited resources in a given situation. It covers six steps in its approach to problem solving. They are: a. Identification of a problem. b. Construction of a mathematical model to investigate the problem. c. Developing a good solution. d. Testing of the model in the light, the data available. e. Identifying and setting up of control points. f. Implementation of the option as a solution to a critical problem, putting a solution to work. In essence, Operations Research attempts to develop the best solution that will contribute to organizational goals. Limitations of Operation Research:- Operations Research technique is not panacea to all the problems of modern management. In other words, it is not the end. Since Operations Research does not take intangible aspects into consideration, subjective judgement becomes difficult under this model. As the Operations Research technique directly depends upon the use of mathematical and statistical tools,it is increasingly becoming complex and costly exercise. Since decision making is a human process,It cannot be predicted properly. At the same time, the impact of such factors cannot be measurable. Delphi Technique:- It is a technique normally used for forecasting future events. It is a group decision making technique. Under this method, independent opinions are sought from the members repeatedly so as to develop a best solution to a given problem. The success of Delphi technique depends upon a simple technique of understanding the problem from the other mans perspective. This ensures success. Though it is a useful technique, since it involves time and cost,it can not be tried in all situations. At the operations level hundreds of de(isions are made in order to achieve local outcomes that contribute to the achievement of a companys overall strategic goal. However, all these decisions are interrelated and must be coordinated for the purpose of attaining the overall company goals. Many decisions-making situations occur under conditions of uncertainty. For example, the demand for a product may not be 100 units next week but may vary between 0 and 200 units, depending on the state of the market, which is uncertain. Decision analysis is a set of quantitative decision-making techniques to aid the decision maker in dealing with a decision situation in which there is uncertainty. However, the usefulness of decision analysis for decision making is also a beneficial topic to study because it reflects a structured, systematic approach to decision making that many decision makers follow intuitively without ever consciously thinking about it. Decision analysis represents not only a collection of decision-making techniques but also an analysis of logic underlying decision making. The general process of the Delphi technique follows: A panel of people who are knowledgeable about a particular problem is selected. The members of the group never actually meet. The panel can have members both inside and outside the organization, and the individual members may or may not know who the other members are. A questionnaire about the problem to be solved is sent to each members of the panel. Each person is asked to make anonymous suggestions. These suggestions are pooled, and a feedback report is developed. The feedback report and a more advanced, second stage questionnaire are sent back to the panel members. Each panel member independently evaluates the feedback report, votes on the priority of the ideas contained in it, and generates new ideas based on it. The process is repeated until a consensus is reached or until the manager feels that sufficient information has been received to make a decision. A final summary feedback report is developed and set back to the group members. A major advantage of the Delphi approach is its anonymity. In groups that interact face-to-face, one person may dominate, or everyone may watch the manager for clues to what is wanted. Further is interacting groups and individual may take a stand and not want to back down for fear of losing face. Frequently experts are more concerned with defending their position than with reaching a good decision. Electronic meetings: The most recent approach to group decision making blends the nominal group technique with sophisticated computer technology. Its called the electronic meeting. The major advantages of electronic meetings are anonymity, honestly and speed. Participants can anonymously type any message they want and it flashes on the screen for all to see at the push of a participants board key. It also allows people to be brutally honest without penalty. And its fast because chitchat is eliminated, discussions dont digress and many participants can talk at once without stepping on one anothers toes. Experts claim that electronic meetings are as much as fifty five percent faster than traditional face to face meetings. Phelps Dodge Mining for instance, used the approach to cut its annual planning meeting from several days down to twelve hours. Yet there are drawbacks to this technique. Those who can type fast can outshine those who are verbally eloquent but lousy typists, those with the best ideas dont get credit for them, and the process lacks the information richness of face to face-to-face oral communication. But although this technology is currently in its infancy, the future of group decision making is very likely to include extensive use of electronic meetings. Decision making without probabilities:- A decision making situation includes several components, the decision themselves and events that may occur in the future, known as states of nature. Future states of nature may be high or low demand for a product or good or bad economic conditions. At the time a decision is made, the decision maker is uncertain which state of nature will occur in the future and has no control over these states of nature. When the probabilities can be assigned to the occurrence of states of nature in the future, the situation is referred to as decision making under risk. When probabilities cannot be assigned to the occurrence of future events, the situation is called decision making under uncertainty. Each decision will result in an outcome or payoff, for each state of nature that will occur in the future. Payoffs are typically expressed in terms of profit, revenues, or cost. For example, if decision 1 is to expand a production facility and state of nature a is good economic conditions, payoff la could b e $100,000 in profit. Once the decision situation has been organized into a payoff table, several criteria are available to reflect how the decision maker arrives at a decision, including maximax, maximin, minimax regret, Hurwicz, and equal likelyhood. These criteria reflect different degrees of decision-maker conservatism or liberalism. On occasion they result in the same decision; however, they often yield different results. Different decision criteria often result in a mix of decisions. The criteria used and the resulting decisions depend on the decision maker. For example, the extremely optimistic decision maker might disregard the preceding results and make the decision to maintain the status quo, because the maximax criterion reflects his or her personal decision-making philosophy.

Internet social networking's effects on teenager's social lives Essay

Internet social networking's effects on teenager's social lives - Essay Example Such sites allow the members to socialize with their friends by adding them to their profile, sending them messages and commenting on their statuses displayed on the pages of their profiles. Social networking sites most commonly in use today are Facebook and Twitter. Most teenagers necessarily visit these websites several times in a day all over the world. According to a recent research generated by the Pew Internet Project, as many as 93 per cent of the teenagers in America between the age of 12 years and 17 years are regular users of the internet, and 55 per cent of such teenagers spends most of the time using social networking websites (Hall). Social networking sites cause a lot of troubles in the life of teenagers. As a result of the expanded social circle because of internet social networking, teenagers are prone to fall in the hands of pedophiles and kidnappers. Internet social networking increases the interaction of a teenager with others. In fact, many studies have found the social networks of internet using teenagers to be much larger than others that do not use the internet. Not only their social circle increases, but also the way they communicate changes. Nowadays, many teenagers can be heard speaking to one another in slang. The time that teenagers spend socializing with others in the virtual world is no less effective than the real world for building relationships and socializing with others. ... The predators can easily project themselves as teenagers. This allows them to draw the teenagers into harmful activities in the real world along with the virtual world. They send messages to the teenagers via these websites. Many teenagers respond to them. The predators may use social networking sites to drive the teenagers into the business of drug dealing or child pornography. Drug smuggling, prostitution, and cyber terrorism are the common results of crimes conducted through net. The privacy control is also an important feature of most of the social networking sites, but not many teenagers are prudent enough in their use of the internet to use the privacy control. Besides, not many predators get caught by the monitoring of profiles. Identity theft is one of the biggest risks of social networking through websites, that exposes teenagers to the risk of abduction. Teenagers tend to display their personal pictures on their profiles and display their contact numbers, house numbers, and other necessary information that is required by the kidnappers. There are many causes of such a massive display of personal information on the websites. First, children tend to display their complete and accurate information so that it would be easier for their old and lost friends to access them online. Secondly, many teenagers tend to display information to show off that they are living in a particular city or studying at a popular college or school or have joined some famous club in the town. There are many other causes as well. Social networking sites are an excellent source of information regarding any individual as well as his/her family for the kidnappers. In the recent years, a lot of people have been kidnapped all over the world. Teenager boys may be

Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego Essay

Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego - Essay Example Group psychology is not concerned with group, as one could get the wrong impression by the name; on the contrary, it is connected with the individual who is part of the group, because every human being happens to be a member of many groups according to his environment and situation in life. "Group Psychology is therefore concerned with the individual man as a member of a race, of a nation, of a caste, of a profession, of an institution, or as a component part of a crowd of people who have been organised into a group at some particular time for some definite purpose (p.3)1. Group psychology is only the sum total of all the individual psychologies belonging to that particular group. Freud was of the opinion that the crowd, a gathering, or a mass of people, can reflect different psychological dimensions than loose individuals. Those dimensions need not be part of their daily life. They might surprise themselves by exhibiting totally alien behaviours, which are more in step with the group, and have less to do with their individuality and identification. He says that an individual could be brought to a condition where his personality traits are totally lost and he would commit uncharacteristic deeds on being suggested. A group is always more susceptible to influence, and it could swing dangerously without any regard for personal gain. "While with isolated individuals personal interest is almost the only motive force, with groups, it is very rarely prominent," (p.17). Group can create an unusual influence on the individual's mental activity so that his emotions are extraordinarily intensified and sometimes it inhibits the intellect and rational factors. He says that if an individual gives up his identity and becomes a part of the group, he does so, because he feels the need of being in harmony with others. There is a kind of bonding in a group, which might compel an individual to be carried away instinctively. "that a group is clearly held together by a power of some kind; and to what power could this feat be better ascribed than to Eros, who holds together everything in the world" he asks. Libido, as Freud sees it, is an emotional form comprising all sentiments that come under 'love' with sexual union as its aim. It can contain self-love, love for parents/children, friendship and general love for all and animals, or nature, because all tendencies are part of 'an expression of the same instinctive activities which might result in various kinds of relationships'. The soul of the mass is another kind of libido, which emotionally binds the individual into the group and each individual usually feels the same and this libido becomes the mass soul that compels all the likewise members of the group to feel and emote identically. Another most important factor here is the leader of the group who "stands in the relation of a kind elder brother; he is their father surrogate" (p.43). Freud theorises that the same group essence could be found in the libidinal ties of panic phenomenon that exists in the military groups. This collective dread can happen "either owing to an increase of the common danger or owing to the

Total Reward (Google) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Total Reward (Google) - Essay Example ng high compensation that is contingent on the performance of the employee; higher salary that what is normally paid for a comparable job and specific performance related incentives, such as bonuses. As Pfeffer (1998) points out, one of the means most companies use to attract high calibre employees to their organization is to offer them high salaries and added monetary benefits. In the case of Google, the Company not only offers a good monetary package, it also offers other rewards such as a sum of up to $8000 a year in tuition reimbursement, unlimited sick leave and 27 days of paid time off after a year of employment. (www.greatplacetowork.com). Additionally, the Company also provides employees the opportunity to avail of a five year leave of absence to pursue an education worth up to $150,000. Additional perks are also available on the job, such as medical, dental and child care facilities, valet parking and free meals. A total rewards programs helps employees to feel motivated and valued. It helps them feel that their organization really cares about them and about their welfare. A study that was carried out by Batt (2002) to examine the relationship between the quit rates of employees in call centres and their organizational performance to the kind of human resource reward practices that were being used at the firm. The findings in this study showed that quit rates were lower and there were high levels of sales growth in those call centres where employees participated in decision making and were offered HR incentives such as job security and high levels of pay. Since there is a great demand for talented employees in the workforce, the level of competition among employers to attract such employees is high and the offer of greater monetary benefits may serve to achieve this objective. Google requires very skilled and talented employees and its higher salaries, bonuses and incentives have proved to be very effective, because it is ranked as one of the best

Evaluation Of Formal Strategic Planning Business Essay

Evaluation Of Formal Strategic Planning Business Essay What is strategic planning. As in daily life when people have choices or plans to make, down to the simplest things as in, what will we do this weekend?, businesses need to form plans or strategies to know their way forward with a goal for the business to reach in order to maintain the success of the business and to achieve objectives. All members within a group must know of the plans made in order to follow them with the desire to be successful within their environment for continued growth, success and also to move with the ever changing world in which we live. It is important for management to set out a game plan to continually strengthen the performance of their company. A strategic plan will state how a business should conduct themselves for a period of time in order to achieve these desired goals, this can be seen as a means to an end, looking forward to where changes need to be made and setting out a plan in order to reach that point using strategic methods. Jasparro R.J. (2006) states that strategic planning can help companies to think and act strategically, develop effective strategies, clarify future directions, establish priorities, improve organisational performance, build teamwork and expertise, and deal effectively with a rapidly changing environment. This has proven difficult in recent years and the following report will go into more depth as to the reasons why certain conditions may impact Strategic Planning. Nature of Formal Strategic Planning To form a plan, a business will have to look at both the external and internal environments surrounding their specialist area. It is at this point a company will decide on their competences and look at what the company is best at doing. They may then look at how they can expand on their strengths and look at what their competitors are doing within the same area. They need to know what makes them special and stand out from the crowd, what makes customers turn first and foremost to them, then look at the options they have at that moment in time to maintain the momentum and the returning business. It is at this point in the planning stage that they may look at perhaps not doing something which may be good for the company at a later date and maybe it is not the right time to make such changes yet. There should be a clear distinction between formulation and implementation. Formulation is in the planning process, implementation is carrying out the plans made using SWOT and PESTEL. Five Forces Analysis is a technique for identifying the forces which affect the level of competition in an industry and scenario planning is a technique that builds various plausible views of possible futures for a business. The five forces framework takes into account the potential entrants to the market (threat of entry), buyers (buying power), suppliers (bargaining power), substitutes (threat of substitutes) all leading toward Competitive Rivalry as outlined below: Porters Five Forces Template from thevirtualconsultancy.com PESTEL, an analytical tool which considers external factors and helps a business think about their impacts, allows us to look at Political, Environmental, Social, Technological, Economic and Legal factors which might affect companies. This is a broader plan than a SWOT analysis which concentrates more on the internal factors of a company, on the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Both SWOT and PESTEL need to be taken into account when considering major changes for any company. Key Characteristics of Strategic Planning Upon consideration of PESTEL and SWOT, a company will be required to look closely at their present work ethics and see where changes are required to help the company improve. Companies also have to limit their weaknesses and see opportunities for the business to thrive for the future. External matters will need to be considered such as recession, the time of year, inclement in weather, looking at the global market, is there a need to outsource certain aspects of the business, will this be cheaper for the company, will it cause more threats? The characteristics of strategic planning are weighing up PESTEL and SWOT matters and forming a plan to overcome or take advantage of the market in which they are in at that specific moment in time. The strategy needs to be frequently reviewed against prevailing external and internal environments. An Intended Strategy is when a company will write down their plan for employees and management to follow, this plan may become a Realised Strategy when this will need to be reformed and another plan made to reach the next level. Sometimes however, these plans are not met and a company will need to sit down with their board of directors and look at an Emergent Strategy, this could be down to major changes within their market, inclement in weather for some companies or many other factors but companies are still required to find a way out of their Unrealised Strategy and to move on from that with another Intended Strategy. Planning is a huge factor in Formal Strategic Planning. Evaluations of Formal Strategic Planning In evaluating strategic planning, business intelligence interprets a need to constantly monitor how the strategy and the objectives are being implemented and to note whether or not the company have overcome problems using their plan or not. If they have not, then the way the strategic plan was set out will need to be restructured to combat the problems and redesigned to provide competitive advantage for the organisation. Drago, W., Clements, C. (1999) indicates that leadership qualities of management and staff should be taken into consideration when applying any strategic plan. This article outlines the necessity to draw on the strengths of your staff and their traits to incorporate this into your overall strategic plan helping you to attain the overall outcome required. Advantages/Strengths of Formal Strategic Planning Strategic planning models the future of the company and allows everyone to see that they are working toward the same mission statement or the same goal. It outlines a paradigm showing strengths and a focus on where the company sees its future. It can add stability to the workforce who can see the company making future plans. Failure to make plans could mean a company becoming stuck in the middle if they have not differentiated enough to gain market share. Through planning, it can be said that companies will learn their market better, know their competitors views and decide whether they need to change their product or become more diverse sticking to a related market or taking their products into another dimension. For example, Virgin began in the early eighties with Virgin music, moving onto Virgin Atlantic and now they have broadened to Virgin media and phones. They recognised that they needed to change their market at specific times in order to continue expansion through planning or foreseeing the future of the company thus increasing their market power. In the early days, Virgin music was used to balance cash flows in order to move into the Virgin Atlantic area and spread risks throughout different branches of the same company. Disadvantages/Weaknesses of Formal Strategic Planning It can be said that in todays economic environment that planning is not always effective, as the market is changing constantly, almost on a daily basis making it difficult to plan anything at all. It is difficult to control anything which is out of our own hands as per the external factors mentioned earlier within this report. A business model could be flawed and may not have had enough thought put into in the initial process which could lead to failure for a business. Personnel could change and a company may need to restructure a plan according to a new setup of staff. A number of external or internal factors or changes can make targets unobtainable. When plans change, and an emergent approach is required to combat weakness in the formal planning, it can reflect that management arent focused totally on the initial goal with a willingness to compromise which could prove time consuming and inefficient due to its flexibility. Mintzberg (1994) states that strategic planning often spoils strategic thinking, causing managers to confuse real vision with the manipulation of numbers, this reflects upon the fact that managers can lose sight of reality and instead remain focused on the strategic plan instead of their vision and may not have a desire to change. Uncertain Dynamic Environment It is indicated in a journal written by Pateli, A.G., Giaglis, G.M. (2005) that researchers are linking performances between business models and strategic planning to take into account strategy, industry and resource based effects outlining that companies are required to look at the broader spectrum and link outside influences with their internal influences. The strategy influence indicates considering such matters as where a company is within their market area, should they expand, should they outsource, are their staff equipped to deal with change, is training required, the need to focus on goals and realise if their potential could be realised or perhaps moving towards a different area entirely for the moment in order to survive as a business. The industry influence will concentrate more on the internal market, looking directly at competition and forward planning, find out if they are equipped to cope with such changes and if not, what steps are required to be taken in order to stay ahead of the game. Johnson G et al (2008) indicates that knowledge complexity of an industry or organisational complexity with larger companies (perhaps local governments with various sectors) makes it difficult to plan anything strategically within the global recession. Managers need to be aware of constant environmental scanning and know what is going on around them in order to know the future direction they face. Using emergent strategies may work best for companies. In this environment, companies will be aware of the constant forces of change outwith their control and realise ways in which to overcome these. Political issues are constantly changing too and at present we face the possible emergence of an Independent Scotland. Although it is said that Scottish people will have more say over ones government and more political freedom, they also face greater economic risks, less security and more differences with England and possible further insecurities with the Euro. Obviously for individual companie s, this could be a time of considerable change and a need to be equipped to face both outcomes. Businesses will need to look closely at both scenarios and have emergent strategies to deal with problems they may face. Challenges of Uncertain Dynamic Environment Within our Uncertain Dynamic Environment, despite the potential advantages of formal strategic planning approaches, it can be of limited benefit to organisations. In a highly volatile global economy, there is a need to act quickly and effectively to change and uncertainty. Contribution/Roles of Formal Strategic Planning in Uncertain Dynamic Environment The role of formal strategic planning comes under scrutiny in an uncertain dynamic environment as it can be shown to have some sort of effect if a company has proven effective in its ability to foresee external †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Scenarios are visions of the future, a look at what may happen. Conclusion Is planning worth it? Planning is not necessarily strategic thinking. Thinking is intuitive and entrepreneurial based on ideas and a foresight for something a person or a company might want in the future. This is based on questions of what if? and complex thinking. Planning is bureaucratic and can mean that management are overly complicated which can result in faulty decisions. A plan created by a bureaucracy could be overburdened by needless steps and obstructions that would hinder actually getting the task completed in a timely and efficient manner. Bureaucracy is often taken to mean inefficiency and absence of practical considerations. Orders made by people that do not have to follow those orders and really do not understand (or possibly even care) what their orders actually require. However, a certain amount of planning within any business or life decision has to be made to a certain degree with a view to being totally versatile in order to make major changes as and when required to move to the next level. Strategic planning is not easy and has challenges, but the hurdles could be worth overcoming.

Historia del Flamenco - Spanish Essay :: Papers Espagnol Essays

Historia del Flamenco - Spanish Essay La mà ºsica flamenca empezà ³ con una voz y unas palmas, y mà ¡s tarde se incorporà ³ la guitarra. Es sà ³lo en este siglo cuando se introdujo el zapateo. Hoy en dà ­a, las tres principales herramientas del flamenco son el cante, la guitarra y el baile. Casi todos los estilos o palos flamencos pueden interpretarse con o sin baile, habiendo bailes sin cante y temas puramente vocales, "a cappela". Hoy, el flamenco tiene muchas caras y es ejecutado de mà ºltiples maneras. En el flamenco moderno es comà ºn el uso de algunos instrumentos mà ¡s, como el bajo elà ©ctrico, normalmente sin trastes (tal como comenzà ³ a usarlo Carlos Benavent) y el cajà ³n. El cajà ³n es un instrumento de percusià ³n peruano que, con ligeras modificaciones, introdujo Paco de Lucà ­a y su grupo, y consiste en una caja de madera con un panel frontal suelto que se toca sentado sobre ella y que se adapta muy bien al flamenco porque no tiene una afinacià ³n determinada y proporciona un sonido sin armà ³nicos muy seco. El nuevo flamenco, etiqueta con la que se agrupan las formaciones jà ³venes menos preocupadas por el purismo y mà ¡s interesadas en la mezcla de mà ºsicas, incorpora saxos, flautas, violonchelos, violines o el sitar, e innumerables instrumentos de percusià ³n como los bongos, las congas de sudamà ©rica, la darbuka y el djembe indios, etc. El uso de baterà ­as, sintetizadores y guitarras elà ©ctricas es menos habitual. El flamenco es una de las mà ºsicas mà ¡s peculiares y reconocible de Europa. Las raà ­ces del flamenco se formaron recogiendo influencias de muy diversos orà ­genes: podemos encontrar en esta mà ºsica aportaciones hindà ºes, à ¡rabes, judà ­as, griegas, castellanas, etc. Cà ³mo llegaron a fundirse en el flamenco las aportaciones de tantas culturas es una larga e interesante historia llena de leyendas y malinterpretaciones. Los Gitanos del sur de Espaà ±a crearon esta mà ºsica dà ­a a dà ­a desde su

The effect of occupational fraud and abuse on the company

Occupational fraud and abuse is defined as â€Å"The use of one’s occupation for personal enrichment through the deliberate misuse or misapplication of the employing organization’s resources or assets† (2012 Report To Nations On Occupation Fraud And Abuse, 2012). Occupational fraud entails deceiving employing organization to obtain resources or assets for personal gain and abuse involves misapplication of the resources provided by the employer. Occupational fraud is typically for three types:1. Corruption 2. Asset Misappropriation 3. Fraudulent Statement.Amount these three categories, asset misappropriation, and corruption are the most common types of fraud and abuse. In 2012 total number of median loss of occupational fraud and abuses of all the reported cases was $140,000, and one-fifth of the cases involved losses of least $1 million (2012 Report To Nations On Occupation Fraud And Abuse, 2012).On an average United States organizations incurred 6% of revenue lo ss every year due to occupational fraud and abuse (Scott, A, 2002). Victim organizations not only bear the revenue loss but these types of frauds can also damage its goodwill in the community as well. Large organizations with multimillion turnovers can bear these losses but can have a devastating effect on small organizations. U.S. governmental oversight of accounting fraud and abuse and its effect on the company In the past many companies used the flexibly in accounting framework to modify its financial statements to present the perfect picture to the investors.Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) finally than introduced some detailed changes in the accounting framework. In addition, it introduced processes to enhance outside auditing, made recommendation to strengthen the audit committee, and encouraged cultural change. SEC’s Division of Corporate Finance is responsible to review critically the financial statements of the targeted companies to ensure that it is new and ex isting accounting rules are being followed and to minimize fraud and abuse using fraudulent statements. Additionally, SEC’s Division of Enforcement is responsible to bring civil  cases and penalties against the companies that attempts to conduct fraud or violets the security acts. Because of this oversight by SEC and government, companies are providing detail disclosures, more transparent financial statements to the investors and users of financial statements.Potential corruption schemes to be aware of in the companyCorruption means misusing the entrusted power or authority against the official duty to obtain benefits. Corruption schemes can be broken down into four categories: 1. Bribery- This entails offering, giving, and receiving anything of value to influence the decision. Official bribery involves providing or offering anything of value to influence the decision of government agent or employee. Commercial bribery deals with providing something of value to influence a business decision rather than decision of government employee or agent. Generally, there are two types of schemes involve in bribery: †¢Kickback Schemes: These schemes are possible because of collusion between employee of the victim company and outside party, typically vendors. In this, vendor submits either inflation or fraudulent invoices to the victim company, and the employee in the victim company makes sure that the payment is made on those invoices.After the payment, employee gets his or her share of payment that is known as kickback. In some cases, employee receives payment just by diverting excessive business to vendor. 2. Illegal Gratuities- In this corruption scheme, something of value is given to the employee to reward the decision. This is different from kickback schemes because benefits are provided as a reward for the decision made not to influence the decision. 3. Economic Extortion- This scheme is different from bribery and illegal gratuities, as in this case em ployee of the victim company demands something of value from outside party, and refusal to pay by outside party may causes loss of business.4. Conflicts of Interest – This occurs when employee has an undisclosed economic or personal interest in a transaction that makes the employee not to think in the best interest of the victim company that ultimately adversely affects the company. Recommendation of types of accounting evidence and methods of gathering such evidence to support the financial status review It is of great importance that every fraud examiner or forensic accountant to have good knowledge of the rules of the court, legal  system, and evidence for successful competition of the investigation. In order to be accepted as evidence, it must be relevant, material, and competent. â€Å"Relevant evidence means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it w ould be without the evidence† (â€Å"Rule 401: Relevant Evidence- TN Court†, 2013).Materiality requires that evidence must prove a point and competency entails that evidence must be sufficient, reliable, and relevant to the case (WELLS, 2011). There are two types of evidence can be used to support the financial status review: 1. Primary evidence: This type of evidence is regarded as the best evidence because of its authenticity, credibility, and existence to prove a point and can value to a case. In addition, it provides direct evidence on the topic under review. These include original documents, accounting records, account statements, interviews, hand-written statements, etc. 2. Secondary evidence: This type of evidence is typically used and acceptable when the primary evidence is not available or destroyed.Every effort should be made to introduce and use primary evidence for better and credible representation of facts. These can include photocopies of the original doc uments, testimony of witness, etc. While doing full financial status review we can obtain information using various sources, such as emails, operating systems, database, accounting records, interviews with different personnel, bank statements, etc. We can also deploy audit techniques such as testing controls, analytical procedures, using substantive procedures, computer assisted audit techniques to obtain sufficient and reliable evidence to support financial review.

Free Essays on Emotional And Behavioral Disorders

Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Students with chronic or severe adjustment problems are diagnosed as having emotional or behavioral problems. These problems manifest themselves in a myriad of characteristics. Students with these problems are referred to as heterogeneous. This term refers to the fact that each problem differs from student to student. Each student possesses unique strengths, weaknesses, and needs. The five most common disorders are as follows; anxiety disorders, conduct disorders, and schizophrenia. Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent among students. These disorders are characterized by excessive fear, worry, or uneasiness and include obsessive compulsive disorders (ocd), eating disorders and post traumatic stress disorders. Mood disorders are characterized by extreme mood deviations. The student may also experience both at different times. Students with major depression may experience variations in emotion, motivation, physical well being, and thoughts. Also classified as a mood disorder is manic depressive illness or a bipolar disorder. This condition is characterized by extreme mood swings. At times they experience excited or â€Å"manic† phases. (nich) The third most common disorder is oppositional defiant disorder. This disorder is characterized by hostile and defiant behaviors. Some of the symptoms are loss of temper, irritability, vindictiveness, swearing, and misbehavior. These students may abuse drugs or alcohol. The goal in intervening is to prevent the escalation of oppositional defiant behaviors. (nich) The fourth is conduct disorder. Conduct disorder is defined as a persistent pattern of antisocial behavior that significantly interferes with school, family and social functioning. Some of the antisocial behaviors associated with conduct disorder include; fighting, stealing, sulking, using drugs or alcohol and lying just to name a few. (nich) The last disorder discussed is schi... Free Essays on Emotional And Behavioral Disorders Free Essays on Emotional And Behavioral Disorders Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Students with chronic or severe adjustment problems are diagnosed as having emotional or behavioral problems. These problems manifest themselves in a myriad of characteristics. Students with these problems are referred to as heterogeneous. This term refers to the fact that each problem differs from student to student. Each student possesses unique strengths, weaknesses, and needs. The five most common disorders are as follows; anxiety disorders, conduct disorders, and schizophrenia. Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent among students. These disorders are characterized by excessive fear, worry, or uneasiness and include obsessive compulsive disorders (ocd), eating disorders and post traumatic stress disorders. Mood disorders are characterized by extreme mood deviations. The student may also experience both at different times. Students with major depression may experience variations in emotion, motivation, physical well being, and thoughts. Also classified as a mood disorder is manic depressive illness or a bipolar disorder. This condition is characterized by extreme mood swings. At times they experience excited or â€Å"manic† phases. (nich) The third most common disorder is oppositional defiant disorder. This disorder is characterized by hostile and defiant behaviors. Some of the symptoms are loss of temper, irritability, vindictiveness, swearing, and misbehavior. These students may abuse drugs or alcohol. The goal in intervening is to prevent the escalation of oppositional defiant behaviors. (nich) The fourth is conduct disorder. Conduct disorder is defined as a persistent pattern of antisocial behavior that significantly interferes with school, family and social functioning. Some of the antisocial behaviors associated with conduct disorder include; fighting, stealing, sulking, using drugs or alcohol and lying just to name a few. (nich) The last disorder discussed is schi...

Israeli conflict persuasive essay (Israeli side) essays

Arab/Israeli conflict persuasive essay (Israeli side) essays Israeli/Arab Conflict Persuasive Essay From the sudden Diaspora in ancient Roman times, until about 50 years ago, Jews have been in dire need for a homeland where they could live and worship in peace. Persecution of the Jews in Europe and Russia proves that Jews need Israel as their homeland to survive. The causes and history of their need for Israel and the aftermath of when it legally became theirs coupled with what is going on currently all points to one answer. The Jews both deserve and require Israel. The Arabs have rejected several of the Israelis plans to make peace, and have invaded Israel several times, which is why the Jews were forced to fight back. First, we must look to the past for the causes of the Jews needing Israel. In 70 C.E the Jews were persecuted and ultimately kicked out of Israel by the Romans, who renamed ancient Israel Palestine. Ever since this has happened the Jews have been trying to find a safe place for themselves and have been given a hard time more than once. The hatred towards the Jews is called anti-Semitism, which prevented them from having a safe place to live. Anti-Semitism was expressed through Pogroms, which were organized acts of violence against Jews in Russia and Poland that occurred during the last couple centuries. Also, Jews were forced to live in ghettoes, or un-kept slums of the cities throughout Europe and the Middle East. There was also a major persecution of Jews called the Holocaust in which over 6 million Jews were murdered. These acts spurred Zionism, or the desire to establish a Jewish homeland in what was known as Palestine. (Israel) Zionists were so intent and determined to make Israel their home, as they would say goodbye to each other, theyd say, Next time in Israel. Eventually, Israelis legally bought land through Arab landowners that lived in Istanbul called Effendis and Israels independence was declared on May 14, 1948. ...

Discussion Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Question - Assignment Example Thus, value of the customer information determines the value of the company (Blattberg, Kim and Neslin 32). With time, database management helps companies understand their customers better and offer them products and services which match their perceptions, likes and requirements more closely. Customer loyalty is the measure of happiness and satisfaction of customers in which they buy the product or avail the services of a company time and again. From an organization’s point of view, it is a strategic management tool wherein right customers are attracted and stimulated to buy and bring in more customers. Lucky Larry made use of databases and valuable customer information to identify frequent and heavy gamblers. It initiated a casino publication to keep them abreast of the latest happenings, news and programs at Lucky Larry’s. There were tournaments arranged for the identified key players to encourage their playing enthusiasm and entice them to come back time and again to the casino. Players who played the biggest and the largest were entitled to prestigious ‘A-Club’ and were also given silver coins as commemoratives from Lucky Larry’s (Kotler, Bowen and Makens 642). Kay Palace, the manager of the database program constantly measured the impact of programs designed with the help of information extracted from databases to improve the results and bring about necessary changes as and when needed. Lucky Larry’s database marketing is definitely a part of integrated marketing program as it is an attempt to attract and contact the customers directly. Database marketing falls under direct marketing when it fulfills two conditions- the results of the list are analyzed and secondly, the list is updated; both of which are true in the case of Lucky Larry’s. Percy (164) asserts that database marketing, as a part of direct marketing can serve as a strategic marketing tool and

Aviation Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Aviation Strategy - Assignment Example The ongoing rivalry between the two players in the aviation sector became the focus of many research studies and economic debates. The end of the monopolistic era of Boeing was seen as a turning point in the history of aviation since Airbus changed the rules of the game that was so far dominated by the supremacy of Boeing. The demand for new aircrafts is directly proportional to the estimated demand in the commercial aviation sector. The strategic perspectives of aircraft manufacturers focus on the estimated demand and growth potentials that can trigger the demand for aircrafts. The improvement in seating capacity has now emphasized the significance of long haul services in improving market shares and revenues for airlines operators. Both Boeing and Airbus have contradictory views on this perspective. While Boeing focuses on point to point services, Airbus believes in the hub-to-hub strategy. The viability and potentials of each of these strategic options are examined through this pa per to provide a deeper insight into the strategic dimensions of both Airbus and Boeing. The paper explores these perspectives and analyses the strategic planning of these two players to provide conclude on the viability and future of the long-haul market. Organizational vision and strategic perspectives The Boeing Airbus has got two visions for its operations with the Boeing787 operate from point to point and the bigger airbus A380 having a hub to hub strategy. Boeing787 was quite successful with their strategy of point to point where their strategist were of the idea that passengers do not want to travel from hub to hub and will always prefer a nonstop direct flight to their respective destination. It is true that passengers from secondary cities have to travel more as they do not have a direct flight where they stop over in some transit hub and then proceed to their destination. This means that the cost is more both for the passenger and the aircraft company as they have to trave l more and incur more expenditure. The success of Boeing787 was based on the strategy of travelling point to point from where they got a huge response with passengers opting for them as they had the convenience of reaching their destination at the shortest possible time and within affordable rates. Boeing had a second school of thought where the aircraft manufacturing giant came up with the Airbus A380 which was bigger aircrafts with more space, more passengers but operating on a hub to hub basis. The strategists for the Airbus A380 were of the view that bigger aircrafts would have the space and the higher capacity to take in more passengers which means more business at reduced costs. There is a 10-15% reduction in costs per seat in the Airbus A380 which is of principal two reasons. One is for the technologies being used for the airbuses were the aerodynamic performance has increased along with the engine performance which has a direct effect on the fuel consumption which has been r educed considerably. Second is the bigger the space of the aircraft, more the number of passengers and seats can be accommodated whereas the cabin crew, pilots and maintenance costs remains the same. Apart from the cost factors, the airbuses operate from hub to hub. The principal reason to do that is the airbus A380 travels long distances and operating from hub to hub is a better option. The second factor on its strategy list is that given the size of the aircraft, the aircraft terminals needs to be modified with runways and the boarding bridges, luggage handling etc comes into the picture which is generally not available in the smaller airports. Therefore the operation strategy of the Airbus A380 is always suited for the

Decarts and existence of evil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Decarts and existence of evil - Essay Example His argument hinges on the fact that knowledge of God is anchored on a distinct idea on the existence of a supreme being (Marion, 2008). There must be the existence of an idea first before a given claim can be verified. For Descartes, this distinct idea resided in his mind. It is this idea that gave him the essence of God as a devine. It is an idea that could not be verified through empirical methods. The existence of an Evil Demon, in line with the thinking of Descartes, can only obtain if it is backed by a distinct idea.   There must first exist the essence of the Evil Demon that is crystallized into Descartes mind in order for him to make a claim about the existence of such a being. One of the arguments upheld by Descartes is that essence implies existence. It would follow logically that the absence of essence effectively negates all possibilities of existence. Without the essence of the Evil Demon in distinct form it would be pointless to assert any claim of such an existence. Therefore, this would mean that Descartes could claim the existence of God but refrain from making any suggestions on whether or not some Evil Demon actually exists (Marion, 2008).. Proof of such existence could be gained from other arguments, or by using some logical claims outside the boundaries established by Descartes methods.   Descartes knowledge of God was based on the theory of natural/extant ideas. He believed that it is possible for things to exist without their very nature of existence being verified by a form of proof. According to Descartes, the mind can generate knowledge of its own through the power of logic. The practice of intuition basically demands aligning the mind to the essence of ideas without establishing the evidence of experience or other methods that would be preferred by logicians to prove such facts. The existence of God, according to Descartes, is a â€Å"gift†Ã‚   In this way, the knowledge of such must be based on distinct

Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other Essay Example for Free

Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other Essay Nowadays, the use of social media has increased enormously, making us more connected either in public or privet communication in the region. It has tremendous effects on challenging many countries that have sought freedom. In fact, the so-called Arab spring has been titled as â€Å"social media revolution†, starting from Tunisia and spreading over to Egypt, Libya, and other countries. The Arab Spring got worldwide social, political and media attention due to its characteristics and connectedness with local, regional, and international interests. There is no doubt that social media had an impact on events that had happened in Arab spring, but it is not in the way that many researchers might think. These are confirmed by two individuals whose articles are going to be discussed, namely Malcom Gladwell and Richard Dawkins. Each one of them supports this in a different view. The article â€Å"Small Change† by Malcom Gladwell is about social media and its effect. The article aims to convince the reader that social media does not lead to any social and political changes as one would think. Although the popularity of social media has been increasing tremendously, social media fails when it comes to actual changes. While many researchers might think that social media played an important part in the Arab spring, it was supportive but not exclusively responsible for the events of the Arab spring. Malcom Gladwell offers a very effective argument to clarify why social media is not a sufficiently effective tool used in organizing social or political activism. Based on historical events Gladwell states that in the absence of social media protestors from different events tend to be stronger, more organized, and people have stronger emotional feelings. To make his argument strong, he starts with the Greensboro sit-ins as a solid example. Despite the fact that the protestors were only four college students, it ended up involving a large number of students across the South. This happened despite the fact that there was no social media such as Facebook or Twitter during that time. Then he illustrated the weak-ties that are related to social media and how it leads to high risk of activism. Social media establishes a large network based upon consensus beside a hierarchy, and then he disputes that many activist movements have not succeeded on the large scale when lacking a central author ity and hierarchy. These historical examples not only support his thesis with solid logic, but they draw an intense proof that Civil Rights Movement came without the use of social media. Gladwell shows extensive knowledge and research on the topic as well as the use of countless examples, making his article rhetorically effective and persuasive. He addresses counter-arguments in both the beginning and end of his article, making his article tremendously strong. However, throughout his article, Malcolm Gladwell could have built an indisputable rhetorical argument if he gave more evidence about the Arab Spring. For those countries that had been seeking freedom, especially the Arab spring, social media such as Facebook and Twitter played a major role to bring the news since the majority were not connected due to the lack of access to instruments that they could use to access information. During this time, even the social media in general was suspended. They therefore relied on radio and TV for news and information. Richard Dawkins on the other hand declares in his article that what lies at the heart of every living thing is not a fire, warm breath, not ‘a spark of life’ but information, words and instructions. He says that the cells of an organism comprise of nodes that are richly interwoven communication networks that transmit and receive information. They also codes and decodes the received information. Evolution in itself also embodies on an ongoing change of information between an organism and his or her environment. He says that whenever a person wants to understand life and all the aspect which surround it, one needs to think about information and technology. Human beings have been surrounded by information which is coming from all quarters. The skills of human beings now include Googling and texting. To some extent, it can be agreed that what is being proposed by Dawkins is true to some extent. He says that the rise in technology has led to the change in which people view life. People nowadays view their lives in a very different way. It is true that when technology was invented, its aim as to help improve the lives of the human being. Human beings are now using the technology not to benefit themselves to the extent that they forget their friends. People are more concerned nowadays with what they post in social sites like Facebook and Twitter than the conversation which they carry out with their friends. The overreliance on technology is affecting the society is quite a number of negative ways. When Googling and texting for example which Dawkins is proposing that people are now engaging themselves into, has led to a number of negative results. The students who should be engaging themselves in serious research are no longer doing that. They google whatever information that they are looking for and then present whatever they find as the result. This has led to production of professionals who are themselves amateurs. Copy pasting has been the order of the day (Turkle, 2011: 34). The society is also the social skills which used to be embraced in the olden days. When people meet, they rarely shake hands and this reduces the bond between people. Shaking hands make people share their deepest sentiments with each other. These are activities which are now not being done. They are considered as being outdated. Technology is truly isolating people. Sometimes during the break time, you realize that each and every student in school is attached to their phone. They have no time for the physical friends. They only appreciate the virtual friends whom they have on the social sites. When a person sees the number of followers they have on Twitter and Instagram, they tend to believe that they have the world with them. This might not be the case (Turkle, 2011: 34). Dawkins states that the way in which an idea is spread is not very important. The idea can either thrive in the meme pool or it can dwindle depending on the way in which the idea is perceived at first. An example that he uses is the belief in God. He says the belief has been replicating for now a long time. It has been spread through the use music and art. This is the reason to date, many people believe in the existence of God. This cannot be used to justify the fact that the meme pool is effective. The idea of the meme can only be applied to some elements. There are some people who are also just alive and they do not have the improved technology at their fingertips. They will still get access to the information but at later stages. It can therefore be agreed that even though the technology improves the way in which people interact with one another, it has also affected the manner in which people are interacting. References Log In The New York Times. Log In The New York Times. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. Turkle, Sherry. Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. New York: Cambridge, 2011. Print. Source document