James Longstreet - Civil War General

Kidney Cancer Essay - 2558 Words

Pathophysiology: Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your fist. Theyre located behind your abdominal organs, one on each side of your spine. Like other major organs in the body, the kidneys can sometimes develop cancer. Your kidneys are part of the urinary system, which removes waste and excess fluid and electrolytes from your blood, controls the production of red blood cells, and regulates your blood pressure. Inside each kidney are more than a million small filtering units called nephrons. As blood circulates through your kidneys, the nephrons filter out waste products as well as unneeded minerals and water. This liquid waste — urine — flows through two narrow tubes (ureters) into your bladder, where its†¦show more content†¦People with this inherited disorder are likely to develop several kinds of tumors, including, in some cases, renal cell carcinoma. * Hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma. Having this inherited condition makes it more likel y youll develop one or more renal cell carcinomas. Transitional Cell Carcinoma: Risk factors for transitional cell carcinoma include: * Smoking. Smoking increases your risk of transitional cell carcinomas. * Chemicals in your workplace. Working with certain chemicals may increase your risk of transitional cell carcinoma. * A withdrawn medication. Phenacetin, which was removed from the market in the United States in the early 1980s, has been linked to kidney cancer. Phenacetin was used in prescription and over-the-counter pain relievers. Diagnostic Tests: A kidney cancer diagnosis typically begins with a complete medical history and a physical exam. Your doctor may also recommend blood and urine tests. If your doctor suspects a problem or if youre at high risk of kidney cancer, you may also have one or more of the following tests to check your kidneys for growths or tumors: * Ultrasound. An ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to generate images of your internal organs, such as your kidneys and bladder, on a computer screen. * Computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. CT scans use computers to create more-detailed images than those produced by conventionalShow MoreRelatedRenal Cell Carcinoma Of The Kidney Cancer Essay1470 Words   |  6 PagesThe most common genitourinary cancers include, renal cell carcinoma of the kidney, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, and adenocarcinoma of the prostate. 1- Renal cell carcinoma, is the most common cancer of the kidney, accounts for approximately 90% of all renal malignancies. 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Kaplan University SC235: General Biology 1: Human Perspectives Prof Lisa Nelson The Complexity of the Kidney Kidneys are complex organs that are very important when it comes to the many functions to help maintain the health of the body. This includes the maturation of the red blood cells, regulation of blood pressure as well as secretion of hormones. The Secondary functions of the filtration effect the controlling of the acid base balance in theRead MoreEssay about Chapter One Questions1330 Words   |  6 Pagesjoints has: | |   A. | Arthritis | 100% |   Ã‚   |    | | | 13. | |    | In the term  electroencephalogram, the suffix is ______, which means ________. | |   C. | -gram, record | 100% |   Ã‚   |    | | | 14. | |    | A resection of the kidney is a: | |   B. | Nephrectomy | 100% |   Ã‚   |    | | | 15. | |    | A patient with an erythrocyte disorder would probably see a specialist in: | |   D. | Hematology | 100% |   Ã‚   |    | | | 16. | |    | The _____ -ic means _______Read MoreA Brief Note On Acute Renal Failure Condition Essay979 Words   |  4 Pagesoccur in acute renal failure. Acute renal failure condition is diagnosed and retitled as acute kidney injury. The purpose of the change of terminology was to encompass the full spectrum of the clinical manifestations associated with the syndrome. 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A Study On Colleges Online Education Essay Free Essays

The instruction system in India today has evolved significantly in the last 20 old ages. In the 1990s, most pupils went to a college in their metropolis and studied whatever class was offered at that place. If they lived in a smaller town without a good college, so they were forced to go to their nearest metropolis and live a fighting pupil life, far off from their household. We will write a custom essay sample on A Study On Colleges Online Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the terminal of the first decennary in the twenty-first century, nevertheless, the options that pupils have for college have exploded massively. Today, pupils have their pick of college, grade and topics, sitting in the comfort of their place, no affair how little their town is. All they need is a computing machine A ; the Internet. There are several colleges online that a pupil can take from. From the oldest and most reputed IGNOU ( Indira Gandhi National Open University ) to the vicinity metropolis college, a pupil has their choice of colleges online where they can obtain grades, sheepskin and certifications in any topic they choose. Colleges online typically find B.A. , B.Com. A ; B.Sc. courses more popular among pupils and IGNOU offers grades in rarer topics like Medical Imaging A ; Radiology, Fashion Merchandising, Textile Design and even Architecture online. There are a few colleges online that offer complete sheepskin classs online with no text edition or notes in paper at all. These ‘virtual ‘ classs are typically non complete grades but station alumnus sheepskin classs in some specialisations like Cyber Law, Food Safety, Business Process Outsourcing, etc. Most colleges online will follow a method of direction as follows: Printed educational material/textbooks/guides are giving to the pupils at the start of the class Regular assignments, trials are given online which the pupil has to finish in a timely mode Face-to-face contact Sessionss, on-line confabs by which the pupil can clear up uncertainties with the module Some colleges online like IGNOU besides offer video cyclosis of lessons which the pupil can see at his or her ain leisure There are several advantages to analyzing from colleges online. Some of them are given below: The pupil has the pick of colleges to analyze from instead being restricted to the college in their town The pupil has a wider pick of capable A ; specialisation to analyze from when taking colleges online The pupil has the flexibleness of agenda with colleges online go forthing clip free for prosecuting another grade, working or even looking after their household However, there are besides many safeguards that a pupil must take before taking from the several colleges online. Some of the safeguards are: Choose a echt college: First, a simple cheque on the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) web site ( www.ugc.ac.in ) will state the pupil whether their college has been reported as sham or has been given accreditation by UGC. Talk to Alumni: All good colleges online will give the pupils some manner to reach alumnas who have completed their class and who prospective pupils can acquire admittance from. Physical Contact: If possible, see the college ‘s office in individual or speak to them through the telephone and justice whether they are an existent college offering existent instruction. Online MBA grades Several Online MBA grades are available on the Internet presents and the pupil is spoilt for pick. How does a pupil travel about measuring which Online MBA grade is the best option for them? There are many standards which are of import when taking an On-line MBA plan and we shall discourse some of them below: The repute of the institute:It is really of import non to acquire an online MBA grade from any unheard of on-line university. If possible, look at on-line MBA grade ‘s merely from colleges that offer full-time MBA grades. Then it will be easier to measure the college utilizing published rankings which appear in magazines. If the college offers merely on-line MBA grades and non full-time grades, so you must look into whether the college is affiliated to a university and authorized to run this plan. The course of study:Merely because it is an on-line MBA grade does n’t intend that you should non acquire a good instruction. You are paying the fees for an MBA and you should have an MBA instruction every bit good as a grade. Compare the course of study of the online MBA grade with that of the university ‘s full-time plan. The faculty-student interaction:Some on-line MBA grades merely direct you the class stuff and trials whereas others offer a confab installation with module and the best 1s offer video streaming talks, confabs, webinars and other manners of on-line interaction. Look for the maximal points of interaction between module A ; pupil ; it will maintain the class interesting for you. Besides make certain that if you need assist or guidance, a module member will be available for you to reach. Contact Sessionss:Though the grade may be an on-line MBA grade, you should hold the option of go toing unrecorded talks and meetings with the module one time in 3-6 months. This is besides an chance to run into other pupils and acquire to cognize them. Alumnuss:Contact old pupils of the online MBA grade plan at the college you plan to go to and see what they have to state about the college. You are finally taking an MBA to foster your calling chances and if your online MBA grade is seen as non utile or worse, harmful, so it could be a waste of your clip or money. Check the mentions carefully before you pay any fees or sedimentations. Finally some general advice: An online MBA grade can be a rewarding and enriching measure on the corporate ladder. Making the right pick of college and plan for your online MBA grade can do all the difference between it being a great measure or a little measure on your manner to success. Evaluate all your options sagely, talk to as many people as you can. Do n’t listen merely to the college ‘s selling talk, what is the best option for the college may non be the best option for your online MBA grade. Online MBA grades can assist you acquire a making while you have a full-time occupation or place duties during the twenty-four hours. But they still require survey and difficult work if you want to derive an instruction from it. While taking an online MBA grade, besides take a expression at the specialisation that is right for your calling way and where you want to travel in the hereafter. The right pick of specialisation can besides assist you alter your calling way. How to cite A Study On Colleges Online Education Essay, Essay examples

Theories of Violent Conflict An Introduction

Question: Describe the role communication plays in perception and organizational culture. How might misalignment between espoused values and enacted values affect perceptions within an organization? Answer: Preface For this research paper, I would like to select Starbucks as an organization that is an American coffee company that is the world largest coffee company with around 23000 stores in 64 countries. The company has around 13000 stores in the USA to target the customers. Starbucks holds approx 33% market share of the coffee in the US through its effective segmentation strategies. In addition to this, it should also be noted down that, in todays more challenging and competitive business era, Starbucks is providing high and unique quality of the products and services to the customers at the lower price in order to fully satisfy them. In addition to this, the company is also offering tangible and intangible benefits to its customers along with the products and services effectively. Moreover, the core and enhanced products of Starbucks included refreshment, cold drink, coffee etc (Starbucks Corporation. 2014). On the other hand, this research paper would focus on the following issues such as: To briefly describe the culture of Starbucks organization, noting whether the organizations espoused values align with its enacted values. To what extent is communication in an organization determined by the organizations culture To describe the role communication plays in perception and organizational culture. How might misalignment between espoused values and enacted values affect perceptions within an organization? To identify the role of conflict in group communication To examine how the Starbucks might chose use conflict to improve communication within and among groups All these are the main objectives and aims of this research paper that would be achieved during the study of this research paper. Organizational Culture of Starbucks Basically, the organizational culture of Starbucks reflects personality, image, reputation, values, norms, beliefs, objectives and goals of the organization in an effective and proper manner. On the other hand, it also shows various procedures of the organization of solving organizational problem by the members of the organization. Moreover, organizational culture of Starbucks forces the organizational people to do work ethically and professionally so that the competitive advantages over the competitors can be achieve effectively. At the same time, organizational culture of Starbucks also deals with a system of shared values and beliefs. In the same manner, organizational culture of Starbucks also considers a lot of important element such as: feelings and relationships internally and externally. Along with this, Starbuckss values are supposed to be unique and are widely shared and reflected in daily practice, relevant to the company purpose and strategy (White, Varadrajan Dacin, 200 3). It is also significant, valuable and beneficial for the Starbucks of different size and level to create the kind of environment or culture where the positive managerial patterns of listening, coaching, guiding, involving and problem-solving are actively encouraged and reinforced. Hence, it can be said that, the organizational culture of Starbucks is one of the most important tools that represent the overall picture about any business firms. For instance, Starbuckss culture is more attractive and unique at the global level. For instance, Starbucks is use important beliefs that are making its culture inimitable as well as exclusive. In the same manner, the organizational culture of Starbucks is appropriate. In addition, the organizational culture as well as its characteristics of Starbucks can be described with the fundamental principles of company (Schein, 2009). The organizational culture of Starbucks supports the employee motivation. For instance, the organization understands the value of their employees and provides tangible and intangible benefits. In this way, organizational culture support employee motivation. At the same time, it is also found that, the organizational culture of Starbucks also play a major role in determining the communications. For case, the effective communication among the employees and management within the organizations support the organizational culture. On the other hand, the organizational culture supports all the level of communication from top to bottom effectively (Schein, 2010). Role of Communication plays in Perception and Organizational Culture The communications in Starbucks play a major role in the organizational culture and perception. For case, communication improves the perceptions of the employees, management and workers regarding the customers and organizational strict policies. Hence, it can be said that, communication play a major role in improving the perceptions and organizational culture by motivating the employees, management or workers, improving efficiency, by providing strategic direction to corporation, offering specific instructions and reducing costs (Schabracq, 2009). Misalignment between Espoused Values and Enacted Values Generally, espoused values within the Starbucks defines corporate values, standards, norms and moral of the organization that that help the organization and its employees about how to conduct business functions effectively. On the other hand, Enacted Values are the values or norms that are exhibited by the employees or workers. In addition to this, it should also be noted down that, any kind of misalignment between the espoused values and enacted values would affect the perception of the organization, employees or management within the organization directly or indirectly. It is because communication is used as an innovative method in the company in order to educate and inform the organization, stakeholders and management in the future process or changes that the company is going through (Pothukuchi, Damanpour, Choi, Chen Par, 2002). The Role of Conflict in Group Communication and Use of Conflict Resolution Strategies to Improve Communication Within and Among Groups Conflict may arise in any group due to different values, norms and standards regarding the job setting. In addition to this, conflict in the groups also affects the organizational as well as individual productivity negatively. Hence, in order to avoid conflict, the leaders or managers of the Starbucks use different types of techniques, strategies and methods. For case, within the company, a statement as per the organizational core strategies and goals is also used to manage the conflict. Along with this, equal benefits and opportunities to all is also offered and provided by the leader to remove the potential issues of conflict. Moreover, avoidance, accommodation, competition, compromise, and collaboration are the major strategies used in Starbucks to manage and solve the issues related to conflict (Demmers, 2012). References Demmers, J. (2012). Theories of Violent Conflict: An Introduction. UK: Routledge. Pothukuchi, V., Damanpour, F., Choi, J., Chen, C.C. Par, S.H. (2002),. National and Organizational Culture Differences and International Joint Venture Performance. Journal of International Business Studies 33(2). PP. 243-265. Schabracq, M.J. (2009). Changing Organizational Culture: The Change Agent's Guidebook. USA: John Wiley and Sons. Schein, E.H. (2009). The Corporate Culture Survival Guide (2nd ed). USA: John Wiley Sons. Schein, E.H. (2010). Organizational Culture and Leadership (4th ed). USA: John Wiley Sons. Starbucks Corporation. (2014). About Us. Retrieved from: https://www.starbucks.in/about-us White, J.C., Varadrajan, P.R., Dacin, P.A. (2003). Market Situation Interpretation and Response: The Role of Cognitive Style, Organizational Culture, and Information Use. Journal of Marketing 67. PP. 63-79.

Risks and Benefits of Delaying Innovative Products

Explain the Decision Making Process with Example of Your Own Essays

Explain the Decision Making Process with Example of Your Own Essays Explain the Decision Making Process with Example of Your Own Essay Explain the Decision Making Process with Example of Your Own Essay EXPLAIN THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS WITH EXAMPLE OF YOUR OWN. Introduction:- Decision making is an integral part of the most of the top managers duties. Not even a single day passes without taking decisions particularly in modern organisations. Hence, management and decision ­ making are considered as inseparable. In fact, whatever a manager does, he can do it only by taking some decision. All matters related to planning, organization, staffing, directing and controlling are engrossed in decision making process. That is why it is aptly pointed out that management is essentially a decision-making process. The survival and future success of any enterprise is directly related to the ability to take timely and appropriate decision by the executives. Thus decision-making is said to be the heart of management. Lot of planning exercise is to be initiated by the manager before taking any viable decision. The manager has to carefully plan and decide what to do or what not to do. Wrong decisions quite often are proved to be either costly or futile. To prevent such losses, decision-making process remains to be the core are in all planned activities of the modern corporations. The selection from among alternatives of a course of action, according to this definition, picking one course of action among alternatives available is termed as decision-making as per Koontz and Weinrich. In the words of George Terry,decision-making is the selection of a particular course of action, based on some criteria, from two or more possible alternatives. We can define this concept also as the process of choosing between various alternatives for achieving a specified goal. Every decision must take into consideration needs and future uncertainties. As per Herbert Simon there are three major steps in the decision making process. Decision making is about choosing from several options or ideas and taking action to generate a particular result. It is usually considered to be a rational and logical thinking process. JRecognition and understanding of the problem. JVarious alternatives may be developed. Jcareful assessment of alternatives available for taking a better decisions. Characteristics JDecision making is a continuous process. JThe question of decision-making process must always be rational when there are alternatives. JA decision-making process must always be rational and purposeful. JDecision making is an intellectual process supported by good reasoning and sound judgment. JDecision making is all pervasive in the sense that all levels of managers need to take decisions of varied nature. JDecision-making is always related to future only. Troes of Decisions: Managerial decision may be classified into two categories, the first category includes the typical, routine and unimportant decisions and the second category covers most important, vital and strategic decisions. Apart from decisions are taken at different levels for meeting different problems. Oraanisational Vs Personnel Decisions:- As explained by Chester. I. Bernard, the decisions taken by the manager in his official capacity are termed as Organisational decisions. These decisions have a direct bearing on the functioning of the firm. Decision relating to reward systems or transfer of workers can be cited as examples under this category. In contrast to this, some times, decisions may be taken by the manager in his individual capacity and such decisions are termed as personal decisions. They may partly affect the personal life and partly affect the organization. Example,decision to quit the organization comes under this category. Routine Vs Strategic Decision:- Routine decisions involve little risk and uncertainty. Hence, they do not call for extraordinary judgement and thinking. They are mostly related day-to-day conduct of the business and taken repetitively. Thats why they are normally taken at lower levels of management. On the other hand strategic decisions are taken by the top level management. Either they are concerned with policy matters or with long-term commitments of the organization. They require thorough understanding, analysis and best judgement, pertaining to location of the plant, type of technology and channel of distribution are the best examples of this type. Policy Vs Operating Decisions:- Policy acts as guidelines for future action. Hence,decisions pertaining to policies are usually taken by the top management. They are considered to be very important since they affect the total organization. While operating decisions are administrative in character, they help in translating policies into action. Decisions relating to a new incentive scheme may be termed as a policy decision. Decisions relating to the methodology of implementation of such incentive scheme are termed as operating decisions. Programmed Vs Non-Programmed decisions:- Programmed decisions usually deals with routine and repetitive problems. For dealing such problems, systematic policies, procedures and rules are established. Programmed decisions can be taken with little ease as everything goes according to some set of rules. But Non-Programmed decisions cover mainly unexpected events and challenges. In other words, each problem is unique in nature. For dealing with such special problems, executives usually refer them to the top management, tackling such situations , the manager needs expertise,intuition and creative thinking. Individual Vs Group decisions:- Decisions taken by the individual in his personal capacity are known as individual decisions. Organisations which are small in size can accommodate this type of decision-making process. When organizations grow in size and stature, complex problems do come into picture. Group decisions are considered to be the best under such situations. Group decisions represent the thinking of more than one executive. The various steps involved in the decision-making process are as explained below:- Step 1 Defining the oroblem The first step is to define the real problem, money and efforts are going to be wasted if the problem is not determined correctly. That s why, accurate diagnosis of the real problem is necessary to find out right solution. We should look at the real causes and for the remedial measures by knowing the inner details of the problem. Knowing only the outer surface of the problem and arriving at decisions may lead to fallacious conclusions. SteP 2- AnalYSing the Problem Once the problem is clearly defined, then, it must be analysed in the light of data pertaining to various factors that surmount the decision. Every situation may have some advantages and limitations. Necessary steps should be laid on locating the limitations and obstacles in achieving the desired result. Necessary care should be exercised in avoiding personalized bias in judging the certain factors. Analysis of crucial factors provides a sound basis for making effective decisions. Step 3- Developing alternatives The analysis of the problem becomes complete once it throws light on several alternative solutions. In fact, the success of decision-making process depends upon the ability of an executive in developing alternative solutions to a given problem. This requires lot of imagination, experience and judgement. Exploring the positive or negative impact of such alternatives forms as a solid base for sound decisions. Step 4- Evaluating alternative Once the alternatives are developed , the next step is to evaluate them in terms of their cause, time , impact and objectives etc. Many a time, either marginal cost or cost-benefit analysis is used to bring out the tangible benefits of each of such alternatives. Each alternative solution may have its own merits and de-merits. They should be compared with other alternatives for the purpose of appraising the real impact. As per Mr. Peter F Drucker, the important criteria for evaluating the consequences of different alternatives are risk,economy, time and limitations. Steo 5- Selecting the best possible solution Selection usually involves choice making. It is the last step in decision-making process. The manager has to select such an alternative course of action which can make the maximum contribution to the goal. It is not always possible to select the best alternative for a given problem. That is why the manger has to rely upon such course of action which can yield good results under a given set of circumstances and limitations. Step 6- Imolementing the decision Once the best alternative is selected, it must be implemented. This step mainly deals with the execution of the decision taken. It involves development of step by step plans, selling the idea to sub-ordinates and seeking co-operation from the needy people. At this stage, the decision is converted into action. The decision must be implemented in the right time and that too in a proper way. Step 7- Evaluation of Decisions The last step in decision-making process is evaluation. The actual results of the decision should be compared with the expected results in order to locate the reasons for deviations. This review is a continuous process and it generates information for necessary feedback for further improving the decision-making process in future. Rationality in decision-making Rationality refers to objective and intelligent action. A decision is said to be rational if appropriate means are chosen to accomplish desired objectives. It implies that decision-maker tries to maximize the values in a given situation by choosing the most suitable course of action. A good decision depends on the makers being consciously aware of the factors that set the stage for the decision. Obtaining complete rationality is not always possible. That is the reason why people prefer to take satisfactory decisions instead of ideal or optimum decisions. Managers are not always confronted by the problem of rationality in decision-making. In practice, they confine themselves to few important alternatives which have limited risks combined with favourable consequences. Limits of Rational Decision making Managers are not always rational in their decision-making. They cannot always abide by the demands of rationality in decision-making process. There are some limitations to that and of which are as explained below. Since decisions are related to future, Managers cannot foresee all the consequences accurately. Moreover, lack of complete knowledge about the problem also makes it impossible to choose a good decision. Due to time and cost constraints, all complex variables that have a bearing on decision cannot be examined fully. Hence, the decision maker is forced to strike a balance between complete rationality and hard realities on the ground. The impact of all the variables cannot be ascertained because some of them are intangible. The consequences of various alternatives cannot be anticipated accurately. Hence, decisions taken under uncertainty cannot guarantee the success of decision-making process. The Human factors like value systems, perceptions, social factors, institution etc. are the main limits on rational decision-making. Managers, being human beings, are greatly influenced by their personal beliefs, attitudes and biases. Because of this, the capacity of a decision-making process varies from individual to individual and from situation to situation. Every manger is vitally concerned with the above limitations in his approach to rational decision-making. He has to collect all the relev ant information and try to overcome the above limits on rationality and choose the most rational decision for solving any given problem. Baiers of Effective Decision Making Apart from the above limitations, decision-making process remains to be ineffective because of the existence of various barriers in organization structure. These barriers impede the process of identification of problems. Its analysis and the development of the solutions. The following are the important barriers that can block managerial effectiveness in choosing the most suitable decision as per Elbing. The tendency of a human-being to evaluate a given problem with pre-conceived notions, act as a stumbling block in understanding the real situation. Though its dangerous, managers feel safer if they do not change what is familiar. Eventually, the ineffective decision of a familiar way becomes accepted rather than considering new and innovative means. Many managers fail to demarcate the symptoms from the main problem. Many mangers have a tendency to respond to the problem instantaneously without proper infonmation and thinking. If they gather more infonnation, they become rather than what is unique in new problem. The above problems are mainly responsible for either indecision or for half decision in the modern organizations. Knowledge of the above problems will surely help the managers in arriving at pragmatic decisions. The following suggestions can be offered to overcome the above barriers so as to make the managers more effective in decision-making process. Avoid premature evaluation. Initiate impartial probing by avoiding personal biases on the outcome. Develop a sound system that can supply adequate information for making decisions. Encourage group leaders to respond to a given situation and compare the pros and cons of the solutions offered by the two groups for making an effective decision. Encourage innovative thinking among the sub-ordinates so as to identify the crux of the problem without waste of time and money. When decisions of critical and pivotal in nature are to be taken, encourage group thinking. For this, the problem is to be presented to the sub-ordinates first and they are asked to develop as many solutions as possible in a free environment. Techniques of Decision -making Brainstorming:- Brainstorming is the oldest and widely followed technique for encouraging creative thinking. It was originally developed by A. F. Osbom. It involves the use of a group. This is an approach to improve problem discovery and solving by encouraging sub-ordinates to give their ideas and solutions in a free environment, they will generate creative ideas. Continuous interaction through free discussions may result in spontaneous and creative thinking. The larger the number of solutions , the fairer are the chances in locating an acceptable solution. The research proves that on hour brainstorming system is likely to generate 50 150 ideas. It is interesting to note that while most of them are proved to be impracticable, at least, some of them merit serious consideration. This group process is not without limitations. It continues lot of time and therefore,is an expensive exercise. Secondly,it emphasises only quantity of solutions which more often than not proved to be superficial. By overcoming the above limitations, a modern manager can use this an an effective tool. Some of the claimed advantages of the brainstorming technique include:-  » It reduces dependence on a single authority figure.  » It encourages the open sharing of ideas.  » It stimulates participation among group members. It provides individual safety in a competitive group.  » It maximizes output for a short period of time.  » It ensure a non evaluative climate.  » It tends to be enjoyable and stimulating. Synetics- When compared to Brainstorming, synectics is a new concept developed by William J. J. Gorden. The terms Synectics is derived from a Greek word which refers to Fitting together of diverse elements. It starts on the premise that this concept encourages novel thin king for the development of alternatives through putting together different ideas which are distinct from each other. A given problem is presented to a group of people with different backgrounds and varied experience. It is the responsibility of the group leader to present the problem and lead the discussions in order to stimulate creative solutions. This approach ensures on the spot evaluation of members suggestions. The leader who is a technical expert is always assisting the group in evaluating the feasibility of their ideas. But experience shows that synectics has been less widely used than Brainstorming. When the problem is real tough and challenging, this approach is used for effective decision-making. Like Brainstorming it also suffers from the same range of limitations. The synectic techniwue includes the following steps:- Problem statement and background information stage:- The group leader describes the general area of discussion but avoids identifying the specific problem . Creative thinking on the problem is encouraged. The leader presents background information on the problem and the goals associated with the idea solutions. Good wishing stage:- Group members are encouraged to wish for anything that comes to mind that could address the problem. As in brainstorming, in this freewheeling stage people are encouraged to generate wild ideas and to hitchhike. Exploring ideas and not evaluating them are of utmost importance at this stages. Excursion stage:- Paricipants are asked to forget about the specific problem. They are asked to generate ideas about a somewhat unrelated are that eventually might be related to the problem at hand. Forced-fit stage. Participants take ideas from the excursion stage and force them to fit the initial problem. Although this often appears quite unusual and obtuse, it is intended to encourage creativity. In fact,evidence suggests that many great thinkers develop ideas from such experimental thinking. Intemized response stage:- The group picks one of the ideas generated during the forced fit stage and pursues it further. The idea is dissected on only its positive aspects are identified. After all the positive aspects have been explored,the ideas limitations are addressed. This focus on the positive is intended to encourage productivity and creativity. The outcome of the synectic process is a single unique plan or decision that has undergone considerable evaluation. The process tends to produce innovative ideas. Synectic approach can be quite useful for creative planning and decision making. Its cost is high. Furthermore, it produces only one potential solution to a problem. If that solution turns out to be unusable,the problem remains, and the process has failed. The Nominal Group: The nominal group consists of people knowledgeable on the issue to be decided who are in the same physical location and who are aware of each other but who do not directly interact while they are working together. The specific techniques for using the nominal group in decision-making vary with the situation, but usually the following steps are involved. l The manger brings the group together and outlines the problem. lEach member of the group generates a number of ideas in writing. lEach member then presents a single idea at a time to the entire group. The ideas are written on a blackboard or on large pieces of paper, and discussion of them is limited to clarification. When no further ideas merge, or when the manager feels the process has gone far enough, each member votes on the ideas, again in writing. The final decision is summed outcome of the individual votes, but the manager is free to accept or reject it. Ooerations Research:- The Origin and development of operations research is attributed to military operations and applications in 2 world war. The war put tremendous pressure on the use of available scarce resources for various strategic and tactical operations. The success of operations research in developing options of effective and efficient nature was instrumental in making this approach rather dependable in decision making process. Now-a-days, greater emphasis has been laid on the use of mathematical models to reflect different options and constraints in a situation and their effect on a selected goal. This quantitative approach to decision-making is usually referred as Operations Research. Of late, it has become an invaluable tool in the kit of a decision-maker. Operations Research employs optimizing models like Linear Programming, Project Management,Inventory Control, Decision Theory and Waiting Line Theory. Operations Research is the systematic method of studying the basic structure, functions and relationships of an organization as an open system. It always adopts a systems approach to management in getting things done. It is constantly interested in developing optimal solution with limited resources in a given situation. It covers six steps in its approach to problem solving. They are: a. Identification of a problem. b. Construction of a mathematical model to investigate the problem. c. Developing a good solution. d. Testing of the model in the light, the data available. e. Identifying and setting up of control points. f. Implementation of the option as a solution to a critical problem, putting a solution to work. In essence, Operations Research attempts to develop the best solution that will contribute to organizational goals. Limitations of Operation Research:- Operations Research technique is not panacea to all the problems of modern management. In other words, it is not the end. Since Operations Research does not take intangible aspects into consideration, subjective judgement becomes difficult under this model. As the Operations Research technique directly depends upon the use of mathematical and statistical tools,it is increasingly becoming complex and costly exercise. Since decision making is a human process,It cannot be predicted properly. At the same time, the impact of such factors cannot be measurable. Delphi Technique:- It is a technique normally used for forecasting future events. It is a group decision making technique. Under this method, independent opinions are sought from the members repeatedly so as to develop a best solution to a given problem. The success of Delphi technique depends upon a simple technique of understanding the problem from the other mans perspective. This ensures success. Though it is a useful technique, since it involves time and cost,it can not be tried in all situations. At the operations level hundreds of de(isions are made in order to achieve local outcomes that contribute to the achievement of a companys overall strategic goal. However, all these decisions are interrelated and must be coordinated for the purpose of attaining the overall company goals. Many decisions-making situations occur under conditions of uncertainty. For example, the demand for a product may not be 100 units next week but may vary between 0 and 200 units, depending on the state of the market, which is uncertain. Decision analysis is a set of quantitative decision-making techniques to aid the decision maker in dealing with a decision situation in which there is uncertainty. However, the usefulness of decision analysis for decision making is also a beneficial topic to study because it reflects a structured, systematic approach to decision making that many decision makers follow intuitively without ever consciously thinking about it. Decision analysis represents not only a collection of decision-making techniques but also an analysis of logic underlying decision making. The general process of the Delphi technique follows: A panel of people who are knowledgeable about a particular problem is selected. The members of the group never actually meet. The panel can have members both inside and outside the organization, and the individual members may or may not know who the other members are. A questionnaire about the problem to be solved is sent to each members of the panel. Each person is asked to make anonymous suggestions. These suggestions are pooled, and a feedback report is developed. The feedback report and a more advanced, second stage questionnaire are sent back to the panel members. Each panel member independently evaluates the feedback report, votes on the priority of the ideas contained in it, and generates new ideas based on it. The process is repeated until a consensus is reached or until the manager feels that sufficient information has been received to make a decision. A final summary feedback report is developed and set back to the group members. A major advantage of the Delphi approach is its anonymity. In groups that interact face-to-face, one person may dominate, or everyone may watch the manager for clues to what is wanted. Further is interacting groups and individual may take a stand and not want to back down for fear of losing face. Frequently experts are more concerned with defending their position than with reaching a good decision. Electronic meetings: The most recent approach to group decision making blends the nominal group technique with sophisticated computer technology. Its called the electronic meeting. The major advantages of electronic meetings are anonymity, honestly and speed. Participants can anonymously type any message they want and it flashes on the screen for all to see at the push of a participants board key. It also allows people to be brutally honest without penalty. And its fast because chitchat is eliminated, discussions dont digress and many participants can talk at once without stepping on one anothers toes. Experts claim that electronic meetings are as much as fifty five percent faster than traditional face to face meetings. Phelps Dodge Mining for instance, used the approach to cut its annual planning meeting from several days down to twelve hours. Yet there are drawbacks to this technique. Those who can type fast can outshine those who are verbally eloquent but lousy typists, those with the best ideas dont get credit for them, and the process lacks the information richness of face to face-to-face oral communication. But although this technology is currently in its infancy, the future of group decision making is very likely to include extensive use of electronic meetings. Decision making without probabilities:- A decision making situation includes several components, the decision themselves and events that may occur in the future, known as states of nature. Future states of nature may be high or low demand for a product or good or bad economic conditions. At the time a decision is made, the decision maker is uncertain which state of nature will occur in the future and has no control over these states of nature. When the probabilities can be assigned to the occurrence of states of nature in the future, the situation is referred to as decision making under risk. When probabilities cannot be assigned to the occurrence of future events, the situation is called decision making under uncertainty. Each decision will result in an outcome or payoff, for each state of nature that will occur in the future. Payoffs are typically expressed in terms of profit, revenues, or cost. For example, if decision 1 is to expand a production facility and state of nature a is good economic conditions, payoff la could b e $100,000 in profit. Once the decision situation has been organized into a payoff table, several criteria are available to reflect how the decision maker arrives at a decision, including maximax, maximin, minimax regret, Hurwicz, and equal likelyhood. These criteria reflect different degrees of decision-maker conservatism or liberalism. On occasion they result in the same decision; however, they often yield different results. Different decision criteria often result in a mix of decisions. The criteria used and the resulting decisions depend on the decision maker. For example, the extremely optimistic decision maker might disregard the preceding results and make the decision to maintain the status quo, because the maximax criterion reflects his or her personal decision-making philosophy.

Internet social networking's effects on teenager's social lives Essay

Internet social networking's effects on teenager's social lives - Essay Example Such sites allow the members to socialize with their friends by adding them to their profile, sending them messages and commenting on their statuses displayed on the pages of their profiles. Social networking sites most commonly in use today are Facebook and Twitter. Most teenagers necessarily visit these websites several times in a day all over the world. According to a recent research generated by the Pew Internet Project, as many as 93 per cent of the teenagers in America between the age of 12 years and 17 years are regular users of the internet, and 55 per cent of such teenagers spends most of the time using social networking websites (Hall). Social networking sites cause a lot of troubles in the life of teenagers. As a result of the expanded social circle because of internet social networking, teenagers are prone to fall in the hands of pedophiles and kidnappers. Internet social networking increases the interaction of a teenager with others. In fact, many studies have found the social networks of internet using teenagers to be much larger than others that do not use the internet. Not only their social circle increases, but also the way they communicate changes. Nowadays, many teenagers can be heard speaking to one another in slang. The time that teenagers spend socializing with others in the virtual world is no less effective than the real world for building relationships and socializing with others. ... The predators can easily project themselves as teenagers. This allows them to draw the teenagers into harmful activities in the real world along with the virtual world. They send messages to the teenagers via these websites. Many teenagers respond to them. The predators may use social networking sites to drive the teenagers into the business of drug dealing or child pornography. Drug smuggling, prostitution, and cyber terrorism are the common results of crimes conducted through net. The privacy control is also an important feature of most of the social networking sites, but not many teenagers are prudent enough in their use of the internet to use the privacy control. Besides, not many predators get caught by the monitoring of profiles. Identity theft is one of the biggest risks of social networking through websites, that exposes teenagers to the risk of abduction. Teenagers tend to display their personal pictures on their profiles and display their contact numbers, house numbers, and other necessary information that is required by the kidnappers. There are many causes of such a massive display of personal information on the websites. First, children tend to display their complete and accurate information so that it would be easier for their old and lost friends to access them online. Secondly, many teenagers tend to display information to show off that they are living in a particular city or studying at a popular college or school or have joined some famous club in the town. There are many other causes as well. Social networking sites are an excellent source of information regarding any individual as well as his/her family for the kidnappers. In the recent years, a lot of people have been kidnapped all over the world. Teenager boys may be